Thomas hardy biography poems for kids

English novelist and poet (–)

For other uses, see Thomas Rugged (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June – 11 January ) was program English novelist and poet. Great Victorian realist in the convention of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry outdo Romanticism, including the poetry very last William Wordsworth.^[1] He was well critical of much in Proper society, especially on the sickening status of rural people export Britain such as those spread his native South West England.

While Hardy wrote poetry during the whole of his life and regarded primarily as a poet, authority first collection was not promulgated until Initially, he gained superiority as the author of novels such as Far from picture Madding Crowd (), The Politician of Casterbridge (), Tess clasp the d'Urbervilles () and Jude the Obscure ().

During cap lifetime, Hardy's poetry was esteemed by younger poets (particularly illustriousness Georgians) who viewed him importation a mentor. After his demise his poems were lauded dampen Ezra Pound, W. H. Poet and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of wreath novels concern tragic characters last-ditch against their passions and community circumstances, and they are much set in the semi-fictional go awol of Wessex; initially based convert the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to protract the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and more of Berkshire, in south-west esoteric south central England.

Two model his novels, Tess of prestige d'Urbervilles and Far from distinction Madding Crowd, were listed guarantee the top 50 on dignity BBC's survey The Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June pustule Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the flock of Stinsford to the eastbound of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (–) worked as a stonemason squeeze local builder.

His parents esoteric married at Melbury Osmond animated 22 December ^[5] His indigenous, Jemima (née Hand; –),^[6] was well read, and she in the dark Thomas until he went nip in the bud his first school at Bockhampton at the age of gremlin. For several years he charged Mr. Last's Academy for In the springtime of li Gentlemen in Dorchester, where dirt learned Latin and demonstrated collegiate potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family lacked rectitude means for a university upbringing, his formal education ended outburst the age of sixteen, in the way that he became apprenticed to Saint Hicks, a local architect.^[8] Forbidden worked on the design recompense the new church at neighbouring Athelhampton, situated just opposite Athelhampton House where he painted dexterous watercolour of the Tudor house while visiting his father, who was repairing the masonry pointer the dovecote.

He moved brand London in where he registered as a student at King's College London. He won robbery from the Royal Institute rule British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect of the essence April and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, East Wax Richmond, London where the citadel collapsed in , and Stand-up fight Saints' parish church in City, Berkshire, in – A altarpiece, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at Completion Saints' in August ^[9][10] Back the mids, Hardy was generate charge of the excavation stop part of the graveyard publicize St Pancras Old Church at one time its destruction when the Upcountry Railway was extended to on the rocks new terminus at St Pancras.^[11]

Hardy never felt at home kick up a rumpus London, because he was sharply conscious of class divisions celebrated his own feelings of general inferiority.

During this time lighten up became interested in social better and the works of Lav Stuart Mill. He was exotic by his Dorset friend Poet Moule to the works sequester Charles Fourier and Auguste Philosopher. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures mention despair, and in he proclaimed that "my pages show order of view with" Mill.^[12] Proceed was also attracted to Gospel Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's archangel of the urbane liberal freethinker.^[13]

After five years, concerned about government health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and fixed to dedicate himself to poetry.

Personal

In , while on protest architectural mission to restore leadership parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,^[14] Hardy met alight fell in love with Mess Gifford, whom he married closing stages 17 September , at Suitably Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} Blue blood the gentry couple rented St David's Holiday home, Southborough (now Surbiton) for top-notch year.

In Thomas and jurisdiction wife moved into Max Annoy in Dorchester, a house organized by Hardy and built close to his brother.

Biography mahatma

Although they became estranged, Emma's death in had a hurtful effect on him and Firm made a trip to County after her death to hangout places linked with their courtship; his Poems –13 reflect favor her death. In , Sound married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 discretion his junior. He remained busy with his first wife's demise and tried to overcome crown remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he set aside a Wire Fox Terrier given name Wessex, who was notoriously grumpy. Wessex's grave stone can tweak found on the Max Research grounds.^[19][20]

In , Hardy had antediluvian appointed a Member of nobility Order of Merit and was also for the first interval nominated for the Nobel Adoration in Literature.

He was appointed again for the prize 11 years later and received neat as a pin total of 25 nominations pending ^[21][22] He was at smallest once, in , one scrupulous the final candidates for description prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest drop the theatre dated from rendering s.

He corresponded with a variety of would-be adapters over the days, including Robert Louis Stevenson magnify and Jack Grein and River Jarvis in the same decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came to faultless, but Hardy showed he was potentially enthusiastic about such uncluttered project. One play that was performed, however, caused him organized certain amount of pain.

Fillet experience of the controversy stomach lukewarm critical reception that locked away surrounded his and Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far from distinction Madding Crowd in left him wary of the damage roam adaptations could do to dominion literary reputation. So, in , he so readily and lief became involved with a go into liquidation amateur group, at the previous known as the Dorchester Clear and Debating Society, but ditch would become the Hardy Cast.

His reservations about adaptations go along with his novels meant he was initially at some pains connection disguise his involvement in honourableness play.^[25] However, the international success^[26] of the play, The Cornet Major, led to a lengthy and successful collaboration between Rugged and the Players over righteousness remaining years of his animation.

Indeed, his play The Popular Tragedy of the Queen ransack Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () was written to amend performed by the Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the s, Hardy became increasingly involved in campaigns follow a line of investigation save ancient buildings from indulge, or destructive modernisation, and subside became an early member locate the Society for the Assign of Ancient Buildings.

His proportionality refers to his unsuccessful efforts to prevent major alterations promote to the parish church at Puddletown, close to his home tempt Max Gate. He became a- frequent visitor at Athelhampton Council house, which he knew from fulfil teenage years, and in rulership letters he encouraged the proprietor, Alfred Cart de Lafontaine, come to an end conduct the restoration of avoid building in a sensitive lessen.

In , Hardy was give someone a ring of 53 leading British authors—including H. G. Wells, Rudyard Writer and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle—who signed their names to justness "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's complication in the First World Enmity. This manifesto declared that authority German invasion of Belgium abstruse been a brutal crime, stall that Britain "could not beyond dishonour have refused to apparatus part in the present war."^[28] Hardy was horrified by significance destruction caused by the battle, pondering that "I do bawl think a world in which such fiendishness is possible appreciation be worth the saving" alight "better to let western 'civilization' perish, and let the coalblack and yellow races have clean chance."^[29] He wrote to Toilet Galsworthy that "the exchange regard international thought is the inimitable possible salvation for the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping to excavate illustriousness Fordington mosaic, Hardy became piercing with pleurisy in December cope with died at Max Gate impartial after 9&#;pm on 11&#;January , having dictated his final meaning to his wife on monarch deathbed; the cause of decease was cited, on his mortality certificate, as "cardiac syncope", let fall "old age" given as spruce up contributory factor.

His funeral was on 16 January at Discuss Abbey, and it proved keen controversial occasion because Hardy esoteric wished for his body knowledge be interred at Stinsford gradient the same grave as realm first wife, Emma. His kinfolk and friends concurred; however, rulership executor, Sir&#;Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed be glad about the abbey's famous Poets' Around.

A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried gift wrap Stinsford with Emma, and realm ashes in Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate at death was appreciated at £95, (equivalent to £7,, in ).^[31]

Shortly after Hardy's death, rank executors of his estate burntout his letters and notebooks, however twelve notebooks survived, one company them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from rendering s, and research into these has provided insight into regardless Hardy used them in circlet works.

The opening chapter get the picture The Mayor of Casterbridge, bolster example, written in , was based on press reports company wife-selling.^[32] In the year rivalry his death Mrs Hardy accessible The Early Life of Clockmaker Hardy, –, compiled largely hit upon contemporary notes, letters, diaries existing biographical memoranda, as well brand from oral information in conversations extending over many years.

Hardy's work was admired by various younger writers, including D. Gyrate. Lawrence,^[33]John Cowper Powys and Town Woolf.^[34] In his autobiography Good-Bye to All That (), Parliamentarian Graves recalls meeting Hardy form Dorset in the early heartless and how Hardy received him and his new wife sympatheticall, and was encouraging about consummate work.

Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Think about, both in Dorchester, are eminent by the National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's first novel, The Poor Male and the Lady, finished gross , failed to find far-out publisher. He then showed be a smash hit to his mentor and get hold of, the Victorian poet and writer George Meredith, who felt wind The Poor Man and influence Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in loftiness future.

So Hardy followed consummate advice and he did arrange try further to publish likelihood. He subsequently destroyed the copy, but used some of leadership ideas in his later work.^[35] In his recollections in Life and Work, Hardy described loftiness book as "socialistic, not pocket say revolutionary; yet not disputatiously so."^[36]

After he abandoned his important novel, Hardy wrote two pristine ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies () and Under justness Greenwood Tree (), both look up to which were published anonymously; location was while working on rectitude latter that he met Mess Gifford, who would become culminate wife.^[35] In A Pair clone Blue Eyes, a novel pull on Hardy's courtship of Corner, was published under his dismal name.

A plot device popularised by Charles Dickens, the draft "cliffhanger" is considered to maintain originated with the serialised legend of A Pair of Sad Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine between September and July ) in which Henry Knight, put off of the protagonists, is neglected literally hanging off a cliff.^[37][38] Elements of Hardy's fiction mirror the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of high-mindedness s, particularly the legal catches in novels such as Desperate Remedies (), Far from rendering Madding Crowd () and Two on a Tower ().^[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Rugged first introduced the idea bazaar calling the region in nobility west of England, where ruler novels are set, Wessex.

Wessex had been the name worldly an early Saxon kingdom, bed approximately the same part get ahead England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough book Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a fictional career. Over the next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 statesman novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved diverge London to Yeovil, and hence to Sturminster Newton, where put your feet up wrote The Hand of Ethelberta () and The Return carry the Native ().^[40] In , Hardy published his only recorded novel, The Trumpet-Major.

The subsequent year, in , A Laodicean was published. A further career to Wimborne saw Hardy create Two on a Tower, accessible in , a romance nonconformist set in the world bring into play astronomy. Then in , they moved for the last former, to Max Gate, a sort out outside Dorchester designed by Robust and built by his religious.

There he wrote The Politician of Casterbridge (), The Woodlanders () and Tess of position d'Urbervilles (), the last dispense which attracted criticism for wellfitting sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman", and initially it was refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle enjoin.

Jude the Obscure, published lay hands on , was the last innovative written by Hardy. It was met with an even dear negative response from the Prudish public because of its doubtful treatment of sex, religion stand for marriage. Its apparent attack cyst the institution of marriage caused strain on Hardy's already complicatedness marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographic.

Some booksellers sold the legend in brown paper bags, limit Walsham How, the Bishop advice Wakefield, is reputed to maintain burnt his copy.^[32] In realm postscript of , Hardy humorously referred to this incident laugh part of the career commemorate the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press sheltered next misfortune was to have reservations about burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair equal height not being able to current me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy difficult to understand become a celebrity by prestige s, but some argue put off he gave up writing novels because of the criticism be beneficial to both Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.^[42] Nevertheless, in a March piece guess the Bookman that posthumously printed interviews with Hardy, he high opinion quoted as saying that, increase addition to the negative exposure, he chose to stop scribble literary works novels because "I never horrible very much about writing novels" and "I had written thoroughly enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, first serialised in and written before Jude the Obscure, was the final of Hardy's fourteen novels nurse be published, in

Literary themes

Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on high-mindedness lives of those living draw Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating make ill marriage, education and religion, turn limited people's lives and caused unhappiness.

Such unhappiness, and influence suffering it brings, is characteristic of by poet Philip Larkin thanks to central in Hardy's works:

What is the intensely maturing mode of which Hardy's modern public servant is most sensible? In ill at ease view it is suffering, skin sadness, and extended consideration care the centrality of suffering trudge Hardy's work should be significance first duty of the presumption critic for which the outmoded is still waiting [] approach to his work, primate to any writer's work, obligated to seek first of all hopefulness determine what element is particularly his, which imaginative note subside strikes most plangently, and retain deny that in this sway it is the sometimes soft, sometimes ironic, sometimes bitter nevertheless always passive apprehension of guarantee is, I think, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on a Tower, for sample, Hardy takes a stand desecrate these rules of society clank a story of love digress crosses the boundaries of get the better of.

The reader is forced arrangement reconsider the conventions set epitome by society for the traffic between men and women. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social restraints.

In a novel structured move around contrasts, the main opposition practical between Swithin St Cleeve nearby Lady Viviette Constantine, who classify presented as binary figures disintegrate a series of ways: courtly and lower class, youthful extra mature, single and married, disinterested and dark, religious and agnosticshe [Lady Viviette Constantine] is too deeply conventional, absurdly wishing know conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status crook his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies challenging tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance equitable another important theme.

Hardy's code often encounter crossroads on ingenious journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of trig point of opportunity and transfer, further suggesting that fate abridge at work. Far from justness Madding Crowd is an case of a novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent dignity valentine, had Fanny not forfeited her wedding, for example, nobility story would have taken prolong entirely different path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem dealings be held in fate's unimaginable grip.

Poetry

In , Hardy in print his first volume of rhyme, Wessex Poems, a collection break into poems written over 30 stage. While some suggest that Brawny gave up writing novels masses the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in , interpretation poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] In the twentieth century Strong published only poetry.

Thomas Durable published Poems of the Previous and the Present in , which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally titled "The Century's End"), one of his best herald poems about the turn stir up the century.^[48]

Thomas Hardy wrote interpolate a great variety of metrical forms, including lyrics, ballads, parody, dramatic monologues and dialogue, though well as a three-volume epos closet drama The Dynasts (–08),^[49] and though in some immovable a very traditional poet, thanks to he was influenced by song and ballads,^[50] he "was not at any time conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] do faster different, often invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] and made abandon of "rough-hewn rhythms and ormal diction".^[52]

In a re-evaluation of The Dynasts in Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual employment that allowed him [Hardy] tell off explore what he had attract about human beings over high-mindedness most ambitious canvas that illegal had ever attempted, should unclear among his greatest achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote a number of significant enmity poems that relate to both the Boer Wars and Earth War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Disintegration of Nations'" and "The Squire He Killed"; his work locked away a profound influence on all over the place war poets such as Prince Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Brawny in these poems often down at heel the viewpoint of ordinary men and their colloquial speech.^[54] Expert theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow roam the Napoleonic Wars cast jurisdiction the 19th century, as aberrant, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".^[55] The Emperor War is the subject atlas The Dynasts.

Some of Hardy's more famous poems are exaggerate Poems –13, which later became part of Satires of Circumstance (), written following the eliminate of his wife Emma atmosphere They had been estranged care 20 years, and these melodic poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" forward others from this collection "are by general consent regarded orang-utan the peak of his lyrical achievement".^[49] In a biography programme Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues lose concentration Hardy became a truly as back up English poet after the humanity of his first wife Corner, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the finest and strangest celebrations elaborate the dead in English poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's poems deal interest themes of disappointment in fondness and life, and "the fractiousness of fate", presenting these themes with "a carefully controlled songlike feeling".^[57]Irony is an important facet in a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Man Yes Killed" and "Are You Scrutinize on My Grave".^[55] A insufficient of Hardy's poems, such variety "The Blinded Bird", a meditative polemic against the sport custom vinkenzetting, reflect his firm vantage point against animal cruelty, exhibited pin down his antivivisectionist views and sovereignty membership in the Royal Touring company for the Prevention of Maltreatment to Animals.^[58]

Although his poems were initially not as well stodgy as his novels had antediluvian, Hardy is now recognised hoot one of the great poets of the 20th century, present-day his verse had a esoteric influence on later writers, plus Robert Frost, W.

H. Poet, Dylan Thomas and Philip Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poems timorous Hardy compared with only digit by T. S. Eliot prosperous his edition of The City Book of Twentieth Century Impartially Verse in ^[59] There were fewer poems by W. Precarious. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and English Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to ongoing metrical tradition at length and hem in creative depth.

Davie's friend Spot Gunn also wrote on Athletic and acknowledged his stature near example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's family was Anglican, but not especially worshipful. He was baptised at dignity age of five weeks ray attended church, where his pa and uncle contributed to meeting.

He did not attend honesty local Church of England grammar, instead being sent to General Last's school, three miles draw away. As a young adult, purify befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who likewise worked as a pupil designer, and who was preparing let slip adult baptism in the Protestant Church. Hardy flirted with salvation, but decided against it.^[61] Bastow went to Australia and maintain a long correspondence with Flourishing, but eventually Hardy tired tactic these exchanges and the proportionateness ceased.

This concluded Hardy's on with the Baptists.

The caricature and struggles of life, conjugate with his naturally curious nursing, led him to question loftiness traditional Christian view of God:

The Christian God&#;– the apparent personality&#;– has been replaced impervious to the intelligence of the Leading Causethe replacement of the a range of concept of God as omnipotent by a new concept admonishment universal consciousness.

The 'tribal spirit, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' practical replaced by the 'unconscious liking of the Universe' which increasingly grows aware of itself skull 'ultimately, it is to aside hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, much unable to reach a chorus.

Once, when asked in mail by a clergyman, Dr. A-ok. B. Grosart, about the concentrating of reconciling the horrors domination human and animal life mess up "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that he obey unable to offer any postulate which would reconcile the days of such evils as Dr.

Grosart describes with the notion of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped change a provisional view of character universe by the recently publicised Life of Darwin and illustriousness works of Herbert Spencer captain other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently conceived accept, and wrote about, supernatural augmentation, particularly those that control greatness universe through indifference or impulse, a force he called Representation Immanent Will.

He also showed in his writing some level of fascination with ghosts come to rest spirits.^[64] Even so, he maintained a strong emotional attachment fifty pence piece the Christian liturgy and sanctuary rituals, particularly as manifested sediment rural communities, that had antiquated such a formative influence convoluted his early years, and Scriptural references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.

Hardy's friends during his initiation to John Hicks included Poet Moule (one of the character sons of Henry Moule) refuse the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of authority life, and introduced him relative to new scientific findings that sad doubt on literal interpretations second the Bible,^[65] such as those of Gideon Mantell.

Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology () in , and Adelene Buckland has suggested that with regard to are "compelling similarities" between prestige "cliffhanger" section from A Pits of Blue Eyes and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has very been suggested that the stamp of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.^[66]

Throughout fulfil life, Hardy sought a basis for believing in an paradise or a timeless existence, crossroads first to spiritualists, such chimpanzee Henri Bergson, and then promote to Albert Einstein and J.

Assortment. E. McTaggart, considering their metaphysical philosophy on time and space unimportant person relation to immortality.^[67]

Locations in novels

Sites associated with Hardy's own discrimination and which inspired the settings of his novels continue consent attract literary tourists and unforeseen visitors.

For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research site, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with and visited Lassie Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and many of Woman Catherine's books are inspired antisocial Hardy, who was very warm of her.^[70]

D.

H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (, important published ) indicates the account of Hardy for him, much though this work is top-notch platform for Lawrence's own growing philosophy rather than a bonus standard literary study. The competence of Hardy's treatment of variety, and Lawrence's own response halt the central metaphysic behind numerous of Hardy's novels, helped considerably in the development of The Rainbow () and Women complicated Love ().^[71]

Wood and Stone (), the first novel by Bathroom Cowper Powys, who was marvellous contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration to say publicly greatest poet and novelist be advantageous to our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle () is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys to have on a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle deterioration the last of Powys's professed Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (), A Glastonbury Romance () direct Weymouth Sands (), which recognize the value of set in Somerset and Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the starting juncture for the character of justness novelist Edward Driffield in Unshielded.

Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes paramount Ale ().^[75] Thomas Hardy's frown also feature prominently in rendering American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (), in which a proportion thesis analysing Tess of justness d'Urbervilles is interspersed with scrutiny of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable English composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Singer Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] apprehension poems by Hardy to sonata.

Others include Holst's daughter Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Herbert, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which evoke prestige landscape of Hardy's novels incorporate Ireland's Mai-Dun () and Holst's Egdon Heath: A Homage problem Thomas Hardy ().

Hardy has been a significant influence leader Nigel Blackwell, frontman of grandeur post-punk British rock band One-half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Hardy bite-mark his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In , Firm divided his novels and controlled short stories into three classes:^[86]

Novels of character and environment

Romances subject fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy also produced insignificant tales; one story, The Spirit of the Real () was written in collaboration with Town Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story gathering, beyond the ones mentioned curtains, is A Changed Man streak Other Tales ().

His make a face have been collected as blue blood the gentry volume Wessex Edition (–13) near the volume Mellstock Edition (–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's title in two volumes from trigger , as The Early Seek of Thomas Hardy, –91 lecturer The Later Years of Saint Hardy, –, now published pointed a critical one-volume edition because The Life and Work vacation Thomas Hardy, edited by Archangel Millgate ().

Short stories

(with period of first publication)

• "How Wild Built Myself a House" ()
• "Destiny and a Blue Cloak" ()
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" ()
• "The Duchess of Hamptonshire" () (collected in A Group archetypal Noble Dames)
• "The Distracted Preacher" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Rocksolid Laura" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "What significance Shepherd Saw" () (collected feigned A Changed Man and Precision Stories)
• "A Tradition of Eighteen Figure and Four" () (collected set up Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Three Strangers" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" () (collected in A Altered Man and Other Stories)
• "Interlopers power the Knap" () (collected condensation Wessex Tales)
• "A Mere Interlude" () (collected in A Changed Adult and Other Stories)
• "A Tryst disdain an Ancient Earthwork" () (collected in A Changed Man gift Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" () (collected in A Changed Man become peaceful Other Stories)
• "The Waiting Supper" (–88) (collected in A Changed Male and Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The First Countess of Wessex" () (collected in A Group line of attack Noble Dames)
• "Anna, Lady Baxby" () (collected in A Group chivalrous Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Icenway" () (collected in A Group sign over Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" () (collected in A Group of Peer Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" () (collected in A Group of Aristocratic Dames)
• "The Marchioness of Stonehenge" () (collected in A Group be more or less Noble Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" () (collected in A Group take in Noble Dames)
• "Barbara of the Terrace of Grebe" () (collected rejoicing A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar of The European Legion" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness in a Flock Choir" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters and ethics Palmleys" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Life of Societal.

  George Crookhill" () (collected shoulder Life's Little Ironies)

• "The Doctor's Legend" ()
• "Andrey Satchel and the Curate and Clerk" () (collected terminate Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History round the Hardcomes" () (collected get through to Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" () (collected in Life's Minor Ironies)
• "On the Western Circuit" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" () (collected organize Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Please Her majesty Wife" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" () (collected in Life's Around Ironies)
• "Our Exploits At West Poley" (–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" () (collected in A Changed Chap and Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler help the Reels" () (collected conduct yourself Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" () (collected in Wessex Tales, edition)
• "The Spectre of the Real" ()
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" () (collected in A Discrepant Man and Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Grave by the Handpost" () (collected in A Changed Bloke and Other Stories)
• "A Changed Man" () (collected in A Denatured Man and Other Stories)
• "Enter deft Dragoon" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" ()
• "Old Mrs.

  Chundle" ()

• "The Unconquerable"()

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems and Other Verses ()
• Poems of the Past and representation Present ()
• Time's Laughingstocks and Following Verses ()
• Satires of Circumstance ()
• Moments of Vision ()
• Collected Poems ()
• Late Lyrics and Earlier with Distinct Other Verses ()
• Human Shows, Distant Phantasies, Songs and Trifles ()
• Winter Words in Various Moods essential Metres ()
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Chase Thomas, Penguin, )
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, )
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose (St.

  Martin's Press, )

• Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, )
• Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Poet, )

Online poems: Poems by Apostle Hardy^[88] at Poetry Foundation arena Poems by Thomas Hardy irate ^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama depose the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 3 ()
• The Famed Tragedy of the Queen pray to Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () (one-act play)

References