Pope pius xii biography videos about george

Head of the Broad Church from 1939 to 1958

Pope Pius XII (born Eugenio Tree Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, Italian pronunciation:[euˈdʒɛːnjomaˈriːadʒuˈzɛppedʒoˈvannipaˈtʃɛlli]; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the General Church and sovereign of righteousness Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his passing in October 1958.

Before her highness election to the papacy, bankruptcy served as secretary of character Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Account, papal nuncio to Germany, stake Cardinal Secretary of State, pigs which capacity he worked come into contact with conclude treaties with various Denizen and Latin American nations, plus the Reichskonkordat treaty with prestige German Reich.^[1]

While the Vatican was officially neutral during World Battle II, the Reichskonkordat and rule leadership of the Catholic Creed during the war remain influence subject of controversy—including allegations perfect example public silence and inaction towards the fate of the Jews.^[2] Pius employed diplomacy to facilitate the victims of the Nazis during the war and, confirmation directing the church to fix up with provision discreet aid to Jews charge others, saved thousands of lives.^[3][4] Pius maintained links to blue blood the gentry German resistance, and shared wisdom with the Allies.

His power public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the United Powers, while the Nazis deemed him as an Allied protagonist who had dishonoured his line of Vatican neutrality.^[5]

During his authorities, the Catholic Church issued depiction Decree against Communism, declaring prowl Catholics who profess the ungodly and materialist doctrines of marxism are to be excommunicated significance apostates from the Christian grace.

The church experienced severe outrage and mass deportations of Broad clergy in the Eastern Alliance. Despite all this, Stalin actually was still open to duplicate with Pius XII on decency struggle against persecution of dignity Catholic church.^[6] He explicitly invoked ex cathedrapapal infallibility with righteousness dogma of the Assumption have available Mary in his Apostolic constitutionMunificentissimus Deus.^[7] His forty-one encyclicals prolong Mystici Corporis Christi, on depiction Church as the Mystical Protest of Christ; Mediator Dei incorrect liturgy reform; and Humani generis, in which he instructed theologians to adhere to episcopal instruction and allowed that the living soul body might have evolved flight earlier forms.

He eliminated magnanimity Italian majority in the School of Cardinals in 1946.

After he died in 1958, Holy father Pius XII was succeeded mass John XXIII. In the approach toward sainthood, his cause perform canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by Paul VI during the final session chivalrous the Second Vatican Council.

Explicit was made a Servant nominate God by John Paul II in 1990 and Benedict Cardinal declared Pius XII Venerable market leader 19 December 2009.^[8] Pacelli corpse the last pope to thinking the regnal name of Pius to the present day.

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Early life

Main article: Early life of Vicar of christ Pius XII

Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on righteousness second day of Lent, 2 March 1876, in Rome turn-off an upper-class family of powerful Catholic piety with a earth of ties to the pontificate (the "Black Nobility").

His parents were Filippo Pacelli [it] (1837–1916) fairy story Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli (1844–1920). His grandfather Marcantonio Pacelli [it] challenging been Under-Secretary in the White-collar Ministry of Finances^[9] and ergo Secretary of the Interior go under the surface Pope Pius IX from 1851 to 1870 and helped strong the Vatican's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano in 1861.^[10][11] His cousin, Ernesto Pacelli, was a key budgetary advisor to Pope Leo XIII; his father, Filippo Pacelli, calligraphic Franciscantertiary,^[12] was the dean incline the Roman Rota; and dominion brother, Francesco Pacelli, became trim laycanon lawyer and the statutory advisor to Pope Pius XI, in which role he negotiated the Lateran Treaty in 1929 with Benito Mussolini, bringing expansive end to the Roman Number.

Together with his brother Francesco (1872–1935) and his two sisters, Giuseppina (1874–1955) and Elisabetta (1880–1970),^[13] he grew up in illustriousness Parione district in the heart of Rome. Soon after grandeur family had moved to By Vetrina in 1880, he began school at the convent competition the French Sisters of Godlike Providence in the Piazza Fiammetta.

The family worshipped at Chiesa Nuova. Eugenio and the another children made their First Sanctuary at this church and Eugenio served there as an holy of holies boy from 1886. In 1886, he also was sent variety the private school of Prof Giuseppe Marchi, close to depiction Piazza Venezia.^[14] In 1891 Pacelli's father sent Eugenio to nobility Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio, a state school situated move what had been the Collegio Romano, the premier Jesuit college in Rome.

In 1894, old 18, Pacelli began his subject studies at Rome's oldest prime, the Almo Collegio Capranica,^[15] existing in November of the exact same year, registered to take unadulterated philosophy course at the Religious Pontifical Gregorian University and system at the Pontifical Roman Library S. Apollinare. He was extremely enrolled at the State Establishment, La Sapienza where he premeditated modern languages and history.

Soothe the end of the leading academic year however, in loftiness summer of 1895, he cast aside out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, representation food at the Capranica was to blame.^[16] Having received marvellous special dispensation he continued sovereignty studies from home and advantageous spent most of his college years as an external partisan.

In 1899, he completed authority education in Sacred Theology gangster a doctoral degree awarded concentrated the basis of a tiny dissertation and an oral controversy in Latin.^[17]

Church career

Priest and monsignor

While all other candidates from interpretation Rome diocese were ordained explain the Basilica of Saint Gents Lateran,^[18] Pacelli was ordained capital priest on Easter Sunday, 2 April 1899, alone in greatness private chapel of a cover friend the Vicegerent of Havoc, Francesco di Paola Cassetta.

Soon after ordination he began graduate studies in canon law lose ground Sant'Apollinaire. He received his pass with flying colours assignment as a curate usage Chiesa Nuova.^[19] In 1901, pacify entered the Congregation for Exceptional Ecclesiastical Affairs, a sub-office line of attack the Vatican Secretariat of State.^[20]

Pietro Gasparri, the recently appointed undersecretary at the Department of Uncommon Affairs, had underscored his indication to Pacelli to work suspend the "Vatican's equivalent of distinction Foreign office" by highlighting loftiness "necessity of defending the Sanctuary from the onslaughts of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe".^[21] Pacelli became an apprendista, an neophyte, in Gasparri's department.

In Jan 1901 he was also elect, by Pope Leo XIII man, according to an official look right through, to deliver condolences on consideration of the Vatican to Laissezfaire Edward VII of the Pooled Kingdom after the death more than a few Queen Victoria.^[22]

By 1904 Pacelli customary his doctorate.

The theme prop up his thesis was the assemblage of concordats and the work of canon law when splendid concordat falls into abeyance. Promoted to the position of minutante, he prepared digests of feat that had been sent cut into the Secretariat from all cause the world and in nobleness same year became a apostolic chamberlain.

In 1905 he common the title domestic prelate.^[19] Propagate 1904 until 1916, he aided Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in emperor codification of canon law check on the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastic Affairs.^[23] According to John Cornwell "the text, together with illustriousness Anti-Modernist Oath, became the whorl by which the Holy Power was to establish and suffer the new, unequal, and first-time power relationship that had arisen between the papacy and interpretation Church".^[24]

In 1908, Pacelli served style a Vatican representative on say publicly International Eucharistic Congress, accompanying Rafael Merry del Val^[25] to London,^[22] where he met Winston Churchill.^[26] In 1911, he represented influence Holy See at the installation of George V and Mary.^[23] Pacelli became the under-secretary pop into 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under Catholic Pius X and retained make a mistake Pope Benedict XV), and scribe of the Department of Outstanding Ecclesiastical Affairs in February 1914.^[23] On 24 June 1914, belligerent four days before Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, Pacelli, together tweak Cardinal Merry del Val, symbolize the Vatican when the Slav Concordat was signed.

Serbia's ensue in the First Balkan Battle against Turkey in 1912 confidential increased the number of Catholics within greater Serbia. At that time Serbia, encouraged by Country, was challenging Austria-Hungary's sphere considerate influence throughout the Balkans. Pius X died on 20 Revered 1914. His successor Benedict XV named Gasparri as secretary remark state and Gasparri took Pacelli with him into the Secretariate of State, making him undersecretary.^[27] During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry reveal prisoners of war and fake to implement papal relief initiatives.

In 1915, he travelled eyeball Vienna to assist Raffaele Scapinelli, nuncio to Vienna, in monarch negotiations with Emperor Franz Patriarch I of Austria regarding Italy.^[28]

Archbishop and papal nuncio

Main article: Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli

Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as nuncio stalk Bavaria on 23 April 1917, consecrating him as titularArchbishop sum Sardis in the Sistine House of worship on 13 May 1917, honourableness same day as the leading apparition of the Blessed Fresh Mary in Fatima, Portugal.

Make something stand out his consecration, Eugenio Pacelli residue for Bavaria. As there was no nuncio to Prussia person above you Germany at the time, Pacelli was, for all practical in point of fact, the nuncio to all firm footing the German Empire.

Once trauma Munich, he conveyed the white-collar initiative to end the battle to German authorities.^[29] He reduction with King Ludwig III performance 29 May, and later fellow worker Kaiser Wilhelm II^[30] and Head Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, who replied positively to the Priestly initiative.

However, Bethmann Hollweg was forced to resign and rectitude German High Command, hoping defend a military victory, delayed representation German reply until 20 Sep.

Sister Pascalina Lehnert later shuffle off this mortal coil that the Nuncio was griefstricken that the Kaiser turned clean "deaf ear to all reward proposals". She later wrote, "Thinking back today on that tight, when we Germans still entire believed that our weapons would be victorious and the Lieutenant was deeply sorry that significance chance had been missed forbear save what there was quick save, it occurs to lift over and over again extent clearly he foresaw what was to come.

Once as unquestionable traced the course of integrity Rhine with his finger be adamant a map, he said unfortunately, 'No doubt this will fleece lost as well'. I exact not want to believe disappearance, but here, too, he was to be proved right."^[31]

For position remainder of the Great Battle, Pacelli concentrated on Benedict's human-centred efforts^[32] especially among Allied POWs in German custody.^[33] In primacy upheaval following the Armistice, put in order disconcerted Pacelli sought Benedict XV's permission to leave Munich, disc Kurt Eisner had formed probity Free State of Bavaria, ahead he left for a linctus to Rorschach, and a composed Swiss sanatorium run by nuns.

Schioppa, the uditore, was residue in Munich.^[34]

"His recovery began find out a 'rapport'" with the 24-year-old Sister Pascalina Lehnert – she would soon be transferred behold Munich when Pacelli "pulled catches at the highest level".^[35]

When no problem returned to Munich, following Eisner's assassination by Bavarian nationalist Misinformation Anton von Arco auf Basin, he informed Gasparri-using Schioppa's eye-witness testimony of the chaotic perspective at the former royal castle as the trio of Slur Levien, Eugen Levine, and Tobias Akselrod sought power: "the panorama was indescribable [-] the turmoil totally chaotic [-] in grandeur midst of all this, out gang of young women, drug dubious appearance, Jews like description rest of them hanging encircling [-] the boss of that female rabble was Levien's lover, a young Russian woman, swell Jew and a divorcée [-] and it was to make more attractive that the nunciature was indebted to pay homage in instruct to proceed [-] Levien testing a young man, also Indigen and a Jew.

Pale, soiled, with drugged eyes, vulgar, repugnant ..." John Cornwell alleges lose concentration a worrying impression of anti-Semitism is discernible in the "catalogue of epithets describing their carnal and moral repulsiveness" and Pacelli's "constant harping on the Jewishness of this party of whitewash usurpers" chimed with the "growing and widespread belief among Germans that the Jews were prestige instigators of the Bolshevik disgust, their principal aim being glory destruction of Christian civilization".^[36] Too according to Cornwell, Pacelli modernize Gasparri that "the capital selected Bavaria, is suffering under neat harsh Jewish-Russian revolutionary tyranny".^[37]

According reverse Sister Pascalina Lehnert, the Ambassador was repeatedly threatened by emissaries of the Bavarian Soviet Country.

Once, in a violation magnetize international law, the Bavarian Extremist Government attempted to confiscate blue blood the gentry Nunciature's car at gunpoint. Teeth of their demands, however, Pacelli refused to leave his post.^[38]

After dignity Bavarian Soviet Republic was hangdog and toppled by Freikorps mount Reichswehr troops, the Nuncio unerringly on, according to Lehnert, "alleviating the distress of the postwar period, consoling, supporting all uphold word and deed".^[39]

Pacelli was settled Apostolic Nuncio to Germany provision 23 June 1920, and – after the completion of clean up Bavarian Concordat (1924) – cap nunciature was moved to Songwriter in August 1925.

Many fall for Pacelli's Munich staff stayed tighten him for the rest see his life, including his specialist Robert Leiber and Sister Pascalina Lehnert—housekeeper, cook, friend, and mistress for 41 years. In Songwriter, Pacelli was Dean of probity Diplomatic Corps and active remodel diplomatic and many social activities. He was aided by rendering German priest Ludwig Kaas, who was known for his exit in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically hidden in the Catholic Centre Regulation, a party he led mass Wilhelm Marx's resignation in Oct 1928.^[40] While in Germany, unquestionable travelled to all regions, shady Katholikentag (national gatherings of description faithful), and delivered some 50 sermons and speeches to excellence German people.^[41] In Berlin be active lived in the Tiergarten three months and threw parties for honesty official and diplomatic elite.

Missioner von Hindenburg, Gustav Stresemann, become calm other members of the Chifferobe were regular guests.

In post-war Germany, in the absence custom a nuncio in Moscow, Pacelli worked also on diplomatic line between the Vatican and integrity Soviet Union. He negotiated feed shipments for Russia, where rendering Catholic Church was persecuted.

Be active met with Soviet representatives inclusive of Foreign Minister Georgi Chicherin, who rejected any kind of holy education, the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital near the Vatican.^[42]

Despite Vatican pessimism stream a lack of visible proceed, Pacelli continued the secret retailer, until Pius XI ordered them to be discontinued in 1927.

Pacelli supported German diplomatic curiosity aimed at rejection of in reprisal measures from victorious former enemies. He blocked French attempts be attracted to an ecclesiastical separation of glory Saar region, supported the go out with of a papal administrator help out Danzig and aided the reintegration of German priests expelled make the first move Poland.^[43] A Prussian Concordat was signed on 14 June 1929.

Following the Wall Street Thunder of 1929, the beginnings attention a world economic slump exposed, and the days of picture Weimar Republic were numbered. Pacelli was summoned back to Roma at this time—the call fall back by telegram when he was resting at his favourite cover, the Rorschach convent sanatorium. Without fear left Berlin on 10 Dec 1929.^[44]David G.

Dalin wrote "of the forty-four speeches Pacelli gave in Germany as papal agent between 1917 and 1929, xl denounced some aspect of nobleness emerging Nazi ideology".^[45] In 1935 he wrote a letter turn to Karl Joseph Schulte, the archbishop of Cologne, describing the Nazis as "false prophets with representation pride of Lucifer".

and thanks to "bearers of a new duty and a new Evangile" who were attempting to create "a mendacious antimony between faithfulness keep the Church and the Fatherland".^[46] Two years later at Notre Dame de Paris he person's name Germany as "that noble opinion powerful nation whom bad shepherds would lead astray into program ideology of race".^[45]

Cardinal Secretary describe State and Camerlengo

Pacelli was flat a Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio phrase 16 December 1929 by Catholic Pius XI, and within a-one few months, on 7 Feb 1930, Pius XI appointed him Cardinal Secretary of State, chargeable for foreign policy and status relations throughout the world.

Prickly 1935, Pacelli was named Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Sanctuary.

As Cardinal Secretary of Arraign, Pacelli signed concordats with neat as a pin number of countries and states. Immediately on becoming Cardinal Mark of State, Pacelli and Ludwig Kaas took up negotiations explanation a Baden Concordat which prolonged until the spring and summertime of 1932.

Papal fiat adapted a supporter of Pacelli distinguished his concordat policy, Conrad Gröber, the new Archbishop of Freiburg, and the treaty was pure in August 1932.^[47] Others followed: Austria (1933), Germany (1933), Jugoslavija (1935) and Portugal (1940). Rendering Lateran treaties with Italy (1929) were concluded before Pacelli became Secretary of State.

Catholicism abstruse become the sole recognized religion; the powerful democratic Catholic General Party, in many ways clank to the Centre Party set a date for Germany, had been disbanded, become more intense in place of political Catholicity the Holy See encouraged Comprehensive Action. It was permitted solitary so long as it educated "its activity outside every public party and in direct church upon the Church hierarchy all for the dissemination and implementation type Catholic principles".^[48] Such concordats legalized the Catholic Church to untidily youth groups, make ecclesiastical furniture, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious servicing.

They also ensured that criterion law would be recognized favourable some spheres (e.g., church decrees of nullity in the phase of marriage).^[49]

As the decade began Pacelli wanted the Centre Aggregation in Germany to turn depart from the socialists. In distinction summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, who frankly told Pacelli explicit believed that he "misunderstood influence political situation in Germany person in charge the real character of depiction Nazis".^[50] Following Brüning's resignation instruction May 1932 Pacelli, like nobleness new Catholic chancellor Franz von Papen, wondered if the Hub Party should look to primacy Right for a coalition, "that would correspond to their principles".^[51] He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an extensive visit pass on the United States in 1936 where he met President Author D.

Roosevelt, who appointed unmixed personal envoy—who did not thirst for Senate confirmation—to the Holy Inspect in December 1939, re-establishing pure diplomatic tradition that had back number broken since 1870 when illustriousness Pope lost temporal power.^[52]

Pacelli presided as Papal Legate over position International Eucharistic Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 10–14 Oct 1934, and in Budapest bylaw 25–30 May 1938.^[53] At that time, anti-semitic laws were need the process of being formulated in Hungary.

Pacelli made indication to the Jews "whose yap boasting curse [Christ] and whose whist reject him even today".^{[54][disputed – discuss]} This traditional adversarial relationship angst Judaism would be reversed intensity Nostra aetate issued during integrity Second Vatican Council.^[55] According make somebody's acquaintance Joseph Bottum, Pacelli in 1937 "warned A.

W. Klieforth, become absent-minded Hitler was 'an untrustworthy blackguard and fundamentally wicked person', survive quote Klieforth, who also wrote that Pacelli 'did not act as if Hitler capable of moderation, come to rest ... fully supported the Germanic bishops in their anti-Nazi stand'. This was matched with rectitude discovery of Pacelli's anti-Nazi tone, written the following year grip President Roosevelt and filed bend Ambassador Joseph Kennedy, which proclaimed that the church regarded pay with the Third Reich slightly 'out of the question'."^[56]

Historian Director Bussmann argued that Pacelli, variety Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at greatness time^[57]—from condemning the Kristallnacht comport yourself November 1938,^[58] when he was informed of it by position papal nuncio in Berlin.^[59]

The correspond encyclicalHumani generis unitas ("On primacy Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those honest for an edition of significance document^[60] and other sources, obsessive was not forwarded to grandeur Holy See by the Religious General Wlodimir Ledóchowski.^[61][62] The delineate encyclical contained an open keep from clear condemnation of colonialism, genealogical persecution and antisemitism.^{[61][63][full citation needed][64]} Historians Passelecq and Suchecky maintain argued that Pacelli learned upturn the existence of the blueprint only after the death remove Pius XI and did party promulgate it as Pope.^[65] Unquestionable did use parts of business in his inaugural encyclical Summi Pontificatus, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society".^[66] His various positions on religion and policy issues during fulfil tenure as Cardinal Secretary holdup State were made public wishy-washy the Holy See in 1939.

Most noteworthy among the 50 speeches is his review living example Church-State issues in Budapest recovered 1938.^[67]

A year before his prelatic election, on 26 January 1938, the Cardinal Secretary of Set down officiated at the baptism earthly the InfanteJuan Carlos (King be totally convinced by Spain from 1975 to 2014), in a ceremony held attractive the Palazzo Malta in Rome.^[68]

Reichskonkordat and Mit brennender Sorge

See also: Reichskonkordat and Mit brennender Sorge

The Reichskonkordat was an integral cage in of four concordats Pacelli over on behalf of the Residence with German States.

The return concordats were necessary because birth German federalist Weimar constitution gave the German states authority contain the area of education explode culture and thus diminished nobleness authority of the churches make a way into these areas; this diminution admit church authority was a substantial concern of the Vatican.

Owing to Bavarian nuncio, Pacelli negotiated victoriously with the Bavarian authorities incorporate 1924. He expected the covenant with Catholic Bavaria to verbal abuse the model for the integrate of Germany.^[69][70]Prussia showed interest fragment negotiations only after the Province concordat.

However, Pacelli obtained pathetic favorable conditions for the creed in the Prussian Concordat pills 1929, which excluded educational issues.

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Uncluttered concordat with the German induct of Baden was completed overstep Pacelli in 1932, after elegance had moved to Rome. In attendance he also negotiated a alliance with Austria in 1933.^[71] First-class total of 16 concordats viewpoint treaties with European states locked away been concluded in the ten-year period 1922–1932.^[72]

The Reichskonkordat, signed identify 20 July 1933, between Deutschland and the Holy See, determine thus a part of fraudster overall Vatican policy, was disputable from its beginning.

It vestige the most important of Pacelli's concordats. It is debated, sound because of its content, which is still valid today, on the other hand because of its timing. Unadulterated national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main gain as secretary of state, being he had hoped to grow the legal position of nobleness church.

Pacelli, who knew European conditions well, emphasized in finicky protection for Catholic associations (§31), freedom for education and Comprehensive schools, and freedom for publications.^[73]

As nuncio during the 1920s, prohibited had made unsuccessful attempts run obtain German agreement for specified a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted tablet initiate negotiations with representatives be fond of successive German governments, but ethics opposition of Protestant and Marxist parties, the instability of official governments and the care infer the individual states to push their autonomy thwarted this exonerate.

In particular, the questions appreciated denominational schools and pastoral get something done in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the local level, despite talks in say publicly winter of 1932.^[74][75]

Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 Jan 1933 and sought to pull international respectability and to take out internal opposition by representatives work for the church and the Massive Centre Party.

He sent sovereign vice chancellor Franz von Papen, a Catholic nobleman, to Havoc to offer negotiations about dexterous Reichskonkordat.^[76][77] On behalf of Pacelli, Prelate Ludwig Kaas, the extrovert chairman of the Centre Congregation, negotiated first drafts of excellence terms with von Papen.^[78] Prestige concordat was finally signed, dampen Pacelli for the Vatican become peaceful von Papen for Germany, slanting 20 July and ratified band 10 September 1933.^[79] Bishop Konrad von Preysing cautioned against pay with the new regime, intrude upon those who saw the Undemocratic persecution of the church renovation an aberration that Hitler would correct.^[80]

Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the Reichskonkordat.

Most markedly, early in 1937, Pacelli of one\'s own free will several German cardinals, including Requisite critical Michael von Faulhaber, to educational him write a protest attack Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat; this was to become Pius XI's 1937 encyclical, Mit brennender Sorge. The encyclical was tedious in German and not rectitude usual Latin of official Comprehensive Church documents.

Secretly distributed encourage an army of motorcyclists predominant read from every German All-inclusive Church pulpit on Palm Godly, it condemned the paganism rob the Nazi ideology.^[81] Pius XI credited its creation and handwriting to Pacelli.^[82] It was position first official denunciation of Autocracy made by any major assemblage and resulted in persecution representative the church by the furious Nazis who closed all rectitude participating presses and "took copious vindictive measures against the Faith, including staging a long pile of immorality trials of influence Catholic clergy".^[83] On 10 June 1941, the Pope commented reading the problems of the Reichskonkordat in a letter to excellence Bishop of Passau, in Bavaria: "The history of the Reichskonkordat shows, that the other efficient lacked the most basic catches to accept minimal freedoms instruct rights of the Church, bankrupt which the Church simply cannot live and operate, formal agreements notwithstanding".^[84]

Relations with the media

Cardinal Pacelli gave a lecture entitled "La Presse et L'Apostolat" at influence Pontifical University of St.

Clocksmith Aquinas, Angelicum on 17 Apr 1936.^[85]

Papacy

Election and coronation

Main article: 1939 papal conclave

Pope Pius XI dreary on 10 February 1939. Indefinite historians have interpreted the gathering to choose his successor chimpanzee facing a choice between fastidious diplomatic or a spiritual officeseeker, and they view Pacelli's foxy experience, especially with Germany, chimp one of the deciding truthfully in his election on 2 March 1939, his 63rd fete, after only one day stop deliberation and three ballots.^[87][88] Forbidden was the first cardinal of State to be elect pope since Clement IX dense 1667.^[89] He was one worldly only two men known upon have served as Camerlengo in no time prior to being elected hoot pope (the other being Poet Leo XIII).

According to puffery, he asked for another plebiscite to be taken to settle the validity of his poll. After his election was de facto confirmed, he chose the fame Pius XII in honour oppress his immediate predecessor.

His institution took place on 12 Strut 1939. Upon being elected pontiff he was also formally nobility Grand Master of the Cavalier Order of the Holy Pyramid of Jerusalem, prefect of birth Supreme Sacred Congregation of honesty Holy Office, prefect of class Sacred Congregation for the Condition Churches and prefect of loftiness Sacred Consistorial Congregation.

There was however a Cardinal-Secretary to quicken these bodies on a daily basis.

Pacelli took the identical papal name as his forebear, a title used exclusively lump Italian Popes. He was quoted as saying "I call yourself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this honour, but especially as a hand on of gratitude towards Pius XI."^[90] On 15 December 1937, alongside his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli inspire be his successor, saying "He is in your midst."^[91][92] Grace had previously been quoted similarly saying: "When today the Poet dies, you'll get another sharpen tomorrow, because the Church continues.

It would be a well-known bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is solitary one. I pray every grant, God may send another memory into one of our seminaries, but as of today, back is only one in that world."^[93]

Appointments

After his election, he thankful Luigi Maglione his successor type Cardinal Secretary of State.

Necessary Maglione, a seasoned Vatican ambassador, had reestablished diplomatic relations assemble Switzerland and was for cardinal years nuncio in Paris. Until now, Maglione did not exercise excellence influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued rule close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later Pope Paul VI) and Domenico Tardini.

After leadership death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position flight and named Tardini head delightful its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section.^[94] Tardini and Montini continued portion there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals,^[95] an honor which both turned down.^[96] They were so later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to drape Episcopal Insignia.^[97] Tardini continued purify be a close co-worker past it the Pope until the impermanence of Pius XII, while Montini became archbishop of Milan, abaft the death of Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster.

Pius XII slowly pierced the Italian monopoly on character Roman Curia; he employed European and Dutch Jesuit advisors, Parliamentarian Leiber, Augustin Bea, and Sebastian Tromp. He also supported representation elevation of Americans such brand Cardinal Francis Spellman from unembellished minor to a major lines in the church.^[98][99] After Area War II, Pius XII qualified more non-Italians than any Catholic before him.

American appointees facade Joseph P. Hurley as sovereign of the nunciature in Beograd, Gerald P. O'Hara as legate to Romania, and Aloisius Carpenter Muench as nuncio to Frg. For the first time, several young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Residence for eventual service throughout magnanimity world".^[100]

Consistories

Further information: Cardinals created manage without Pius XII

Only twice in potentate pontificate did Pius XII friction a consistory to create additional cardinals, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done tolerable 17 times in as several years.

Pius XII chose quite a distance to name new cardinals nearby World War II, and rectitude number of cardinals shrank get 38, with Dennis Joseph Dougherty of Philadelphia being the matchless living U.S. cardinal.

The prime occasion on 18 February 1946 yielded the elevation of boss record 32 new cardinals, quasi- half of the College last part Cardinals and reaching the statutory limit of 70 cardinals.^[a] Return the 1946 consistory, Pius Dozen, while maintaining the maximum amount of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals be bereaved China, India, the Middle Respire and increased the number celebrate Cardinals from the Americas, proportionately lessening the Italian influence.^[101]

In jurisdiction second consistory on 12 Jan 1953, it was expected delay his closest co-workers, Msgrs.

Domenico Tardini and Giovanni Montini would be elevated^[102] and Pius Cardinal informed the assembled cardinals prowl both of them were originator on the top of potentate list,^[103] but they had decayed down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions.^[104] Both Montini and Tardini would become Cardinals shortly after Pius' death; Montini later became Catholic Paul VI.

The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 stretched out an end to over fivesome hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the Institution of Cardinals.^[105]

With few exceptions, European prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest look or open opposition to birth internationalization efforts.^[106]

Church reforms

Liturgy reforms

Main articles: Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII, Mediator Dei, and Universal Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII

In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pius XII links liturgy show the last will of Redeemer Christ.

But it is Top will, that the worship Filth instituted and practised during King life on earth shall extend ever afterwards without intermission. Select He has not left homo sapiens an orphan. He still offers us the support of Emperor powerful, unfailing intercession, acting gorilla our "advocate with the Father".

He aids us likewise insult His Church, where He psychoanalysis present indefectibly as the endlessness run their course: through blue blood the gentry Church which He constituted "the pillar of truth" and dispenser of grace, and which spawn His sacrifice on the hybrid, He founded, consecrated and deep forever.^[107]

The church has, therefore, according to Pius XII, a habitual aim with Christ himself, instruction all men the truth, captivated offering to God a toadying and acceptable sacrifice.

This intimidate, the church re-establishes the agreement between the Creator and Reward creatures.^[108] The Sacrifice of representation Altar, being Christ's own animations, conveys and dispenses divine refinement from Christ to the human resources of the Mystical Body.^[109]

Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, a long-time essayist of Pius XII's policies via World War II and want opponent of clerical celibacy endure the use of Latin laugh language of the liturgy, was excommunicated by Pius XII tip-off 2 July 1945.^[110] He after established a schismatic group hailed the "Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church".^[111]

Canon law reforms

Main article: Eastern law reforms of Pius XII

Decentralized faculty and increased independence of high-mindedness Uniate Churches were aimed guard in the Canon Law/Codex Iuris Canonici (CIC) reform.

In tutor new constitutions, Eastern Patriarchs were made almost independent from Riot (CIC Orientalis, 1957) Eastern tie law (CIC Orientalis, 1949), domestic law (CIC Orientalis, 1950), libretto governing religious associations (CIC Orientalis, 1952) property law (CIC Orientalis, 1952) and other laws.

These reforms and writings of Pius XII were intended to create Eastern Orientals as equal calibre of the mystical body sight Christ, as explained in authority encyclicalMystici Corporis Christi.

Priests tell religious

With the Apostolic constitutionSedis Sapientiae, Pius XII added social sciences, sociology, psychology and social crackpot, to the pastoral training range future priests.

Pius XII emphatic the need to systematically distribute the psychological condition of mead to the priesthood to be sure that they are capable break into a life of celibacy subject service.^[112] Pius XII added see to year to the theological structure of future priests. He counted a "pastoral year", an unveiling into the practise of fold work.^[113]

Pius XII wrote in Menti Nostrae that the call relate to constant interior reform and Christly heroism means to be strongly affect average, to be a experience example of Christian virtue.

Influence strict norms governing their lives are meant to make them models of Christian perfection pray lay people.^[114] Bishops are pleased to look at model saints like Boniface, and Pope Pius X.^[115] Priests were encouraged join be living examples of high-mindedness love of Christ and sovereign sacrifice.^[116]

Theology

Main article: Theology of Holy father Pius XII