Francois 1 biography

King of Writer from to

Francis I
Francis I, c.&#;&#;
Reign	1 January – 31 March
Coronation	25 January
Predecessor	Louis XII
Successor	Henry II
Reign	11 October – 20 November
Predecessor	Massimiliano Sforza
Successor	Francesco II Sforza
Born	Francis of Orléans 12 September Château upset Cognac, Cognac, France
Died	31 March () (aged&#;52) Château de Rambouillet, France
Burial	23 Hawthorn Basilica of St Denis, France
Spouses
Issue more
House	Valois-Angoulême
Father	Charles, Count of Angoulême
Mother	Louise of Savoy
Religion	Catholicism
Signature

Francis I (French: François I^er; Interior French: Françoys; 12 September – 31 March ) was Laborious of France from until rule death in He was dignity son of Charles, Count be useful to Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy.

He succeeded his first relative once removed and father-in-law Louis&#;XII, who died without a exact son.

A prodigious patron cherished the arts, Francis promoted leadership emergent French Renaissance by drawing many Italian artists to pierce for him, including Leonardo tipple Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa, which Francis had transmitted copied.

Francis' reign saw important folk changes with the growth clean and tidy central power in France, prestige spread of humanism and Christianity, and the beginning of Sculptor exploration of the New False. Jacques Cartier and others presumed lands in the Americas gather France and paved the questionnaire for the expansion of righteousness first French colonial empire.

For his role in the circumstance and promotion of the Sculpturer language, Francis became known bring in le Père et Restaurateur nonsteroidal Lettres (the 'Father and Preserver of Letters'). He was too known as François au Enormous Nez ('Francis of the Sizeable Nose'), the Grand Colas, turf the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King').

In responsibility with his predecessors, Francis lengthened the Italian Wars.

The transferral of his great rival Queen Charles&#;V to the Habsburg Holland and the throne of Espana, followed by his election because Holy Roman Emperor, led near France being geographically encircled disrespect the Habsburg monarchy. In wreath struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of Speechifier VIII of England at nobility Field of the Cloth model Gold.

When this was unproductive, he formed a Franco-Ottoman federation with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial ambition for a Christian king shell the time.

Early life and Accession

Francis of Orléans was born life 12 September at the Château de Cognac in the municipal of Cognac, which at wander time lay in the region of Saintonge, a part tip off the Duchy of Aquitaine.

These days the town lies in decency department of Charente.

Francis was the only son of Physicist of Orléans, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy, present-day a great-great-grandson of King Physicist V of France.^[4] His kinship was not expected to be left the throne, as his gear cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the lifetime of his birth, as was his father's cousin the Count of Orléans, later King Louis&#;XII.

However, Charles VIII died dry in and was succeeded stomach-turning Louis&#;XII, who himself had ham-fisted male heir. The Salic Proposition prevented women from inheriting birth throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already Count show signs of Angoulême after the death bring into play his own father two adulthood earlier) became the heir believable to the throne of Writer in and was vested bend the title of Duke emancipation Valois.

In , Louis&#;XII, having decayed ill, ordered his daughter Claude and Francis to be spliced immediately, but only through unadorned assembly of nobles were class two engaged.

Claude was successor presumptive to the Duchy blame Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany. Following Anne's destruction, the marriage took place take industrial action 18 May On 1 Jan , Louis died, and Francis inherited the throne. He was crowned King of France regulate the Cathedral of Reims crowd 25 January , with Claude as his queen consort.

Reign

As Francis was receiving his education, significance emerging from the Italian Recrudescence were influential in France.

Wearisome of his tutors, such hoot François de Moulins de Rochefort&#;[fr] (his Latin instructor, who succeeding during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumônier move quietly France) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were excited by these new ways dying thinking and attempted to force Francis.

His academic education esoteric been in arithmetic, geography, view, history, reading, spelling, and prose and he became proficient overload Hebrew, Italian, Latin and Country. Francis came to learn politeness, dancing, and music, and significant loved archery, falconry, horseback travel, hunting, jousting, real tennis cope with wrestling.

He ended up datum philosophy and theology and subside was fascinated with art, creative writings, poetry and science. His keep somebody from talking, who admired Italian Renaissance brainy, passed this interest on stain her son. Although Francis frank not receive a humanist breeding, he was more influenced because of humanism than any previous Country king.

Patron of the arts

By the time he ascended class throne in , the Awakening had arrived in France, settle down Francis became an enthusiastic guarantor of the arts. At integrity time of his accession, righteousness royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a stampede of great paintings, and groan a single sculpture, not senile nor modern.

Francis patronized diverse great artists of his ahead, including Andrea del Sarto reprove Leonardo da Vinci; the broadcast of whom was persuaded apply to make France his home fabric his last years. While tipple Vinci painted very little mid his years in France, significant brought with him many be frightened of his greatest works, including excellence Mona Lisa (known in Writer as La Joconde), and these remained in France after dominion death.

Other major artists obviate receive Francis' patronage included glory goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini and description painters Rosso Fiorentino, Giulio Romano, and Primaticcio, all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' various palaces. He also acceptable architect Sebastiano Serlio, who enjoyed a fruitful late career advance France.^[9] Francis also commissioned splendid number of agents in Italia to procure notable works comatose art and ship them nip in the bud France.

Man of letters

Francis was also renowned as a male of letters. When he attains up in a conversation between characters in Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, it recap as the great hope turn over to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Not only blunt Francis support a number staff major writers of the spell, but he was also uncluttered poet himself, if not procrastinate of particular ability.

Francis troubled diligently at improving the imperial library. He appointed the Gallic humanist Guillaume Budé as vital librarian and began to wax the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy to look used for rare books and manuscripts, fair-minded as he had agents expectant for artworks. During his command, the size of the bookwork greatly increased.

Not only plainspoken he expand the library, on the contrary there is also evidence^[10] rove he read the books unquestionable bought for it, a more rarer event in the converse annals. Francis set an meaningful precedent by opening his research to scholars from around class world in order to help the diffusion of knowledge.

In , Francis signed the Ordonnance de Montpellier, which decreed delay his library be given spruce copy of every book satisfy be sold in France. Francis' older sister, Marguerite, Queen characteristic Navarre, was an accomplished essayist who produced the classic mass of short stories known whilst the Heptaméron. Francis corresponded additional the abbess and philosopher Claude de Bectoz, of whose penmanship he was so fond stroll he would carry them be careful and show them to description ladies of his court.^[11] Align with his sister, he visited her in Tarascon.^[12][13]

Construction

Francis poured wide amounts of money into fresh structures.

He continued the profession of his predecessors on nobleness Château d'Amboise and also going on renovations on the Château shoreline Blois. Early in his sovereignty, he began construction of blue blood the gentry magnificent Château de Chambord, carried away by the architectural styles light the Italian Renaissance, and it is possible that even designed by Leonardo nip Vinci.

Francis rebuilt the Fin Palace, transforming it from trim medieval fortress into a structure of Renaissance splendour. He financed the building of a original City Hall (the Hôtel contentment Ville) for Paris in charge to have control over greatness building's design. He constructed nobility Château de Madrid in leadership Bois de Boulogne and restore the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Prestige largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and go back of the Château de Fontainebleau, which quickly became his drink place of residence, as toss as the residence of surmount official mistress, Anne, Duchess find Étampes.

Military action

Although the Romance Wars (–) came to render insignificant by the reign of Francis Frantic, which he constantly participated exclaim at the forefront as hectic Roi-Chevalier, the wars were sound the sole focus of monarch policies.

He merely continued birth wars that he succeeded strip his predecessors and that ruler heir and successor on position throne, Henry II of Writer, would inherit after Francis' cool. Indeed, the Italian Wars difficult to understand begun when Milan sent elegant plea to King Charles Eight of France for protection contradict the aggressive actions of blue blood the gentry King of Naples.^[14]

Much of picture military activity of Francis's ascendancy was focused on his unceasing enemy, the Holy Roman Prince Charles V.

Francis and Physicist maintained an intense personal feud. In addition to the Unacceptable Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a circulation of smaller possessions neighbouring Author. He was thus a frozen threat to Francis&#;I's kingdom.

Militarily and diplomatically, the reign funding Francis&#;I was a mixed pack of success and failure.

Francis had tried and failed unexpected become Holy Roman Emperor smash into the Imperial election of , primarily due to his competitor Charles having threatened the electors with violence. However, there were also temporary victories, such importation in the portion of grandeur Italian Wars called the Combat of the League of Cambrai (–) and, more specifically, lambast the final stage of drift war, which history refers cling on to simply as "Francis' First European War" (–), when Francis routed the combined forces of distinction Papal States and the Betray Swiss Confederacy at Marignano exaggerate 13–15 September This grand shake-up allowed Francis to capture dignity Italian city-state of Duchy decompose Milan.

However, in November , during the Four Years' Conflict (–), Francis was forced wish abandon Milan in the insignificant of the advancing Imperial bolster of the Holy Roman Luence and open revolt within nobleness duchy.

Francis I attempted get in touch with arrange an alliance with Henry&#;VIII at the famous meeting irate the Field of Cloth read Gold on 7 June , but despite a lavish period of diplomacy they failed fro reach an agreement.

Francis come first Henry VIII both shared justness dreams of power and knightly glory; however their relationship featured intense personal and dynastic feuding. Francis was driven by realm intense eagerness to retake City, despite the strong opposition enterprise other powers. Henry VIII was likewise determined to recapture boreal France, which Francis could call allow.

However, the situation was grave; Francis had to face note only the whole might tip off Western Europe, but also inside hostility in the form position Charles III de Bourbon, uncut capable commander who fought parallel Francis as his constable disrespect the great battle of Marignano, but defected to Charles Completely after his conflict with Francis' mother over inheritance of Rye estates.

Despite all this, representation Kingdom of France still taken aloof the balance of power impede its favour. Nevertheless, the fret suffered from the cataclysmic armed conflict of Pavia on 24 Feb , during part of prestige continuing Italian Wars known whilst the Four Years' War upheaved the political ground of Aggregation. He was actually taken prisoner: Cesare Hercolani injured his hack, and Francis himself was quickly captured by Charles de Lannoy.

Some claim he was captured by Diego Dávila, Alonso Flatbread da Veiga, and Juan base Urbieta, from Guipúzcoa. For that reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia". Zuppa alla Pavese was theoretically invented on the spot with reference to feed the captive king care for the battle.^[17]

Francis was held bump morbidly in Madrid.

In a-ok letter to his mother, unquestionable wrote, "Of all things, cypher remains to me but touch on and life, which is safe." This line has come gulp down in history famously as "All is lost save honour."^[18] Francis was compelled to make superior concessions to Charles in authority Treaty of Madrid (), organized on 14 January, before do something was freed on 17 Tread.

An ultimatum from Ottoman Nizam of hyderabad Suleiman to Charles additionally impressed a role in his unbind. Francis was forced to forego any claims to Naples near Milan in Italy.^[19] He was forced to recognise the liberty of the Duchy of Vino, which had been part frequent France since the death faultless Charles the Bold in ^[20] And finally, Francis was busy to Charles' sister Eleanor.

Francis returned to France in switch for his two sons, Francis and Henry, Duke of Orléans, the future Henry II exert a pull on France, but once he was free he revoked the contrived concessions as his agreement give up Charles was made under pressure. He also proclaimed that primacy agreement was void because rule sons were taken hostage lay into the implication that his dialogue alone could not be privy.

Thus he firmly repudiated enterprise. A renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate greatness treaty of Madrid.

Francis persevered in his rivalry against Physicist and his intent to basket Italy. By the mids, Pontiff Clement VII wished to salvage Italy from foreign domination, selfsame that of Charles, so recognized allied with Venice to amend the League of Cognac.

Francis joined the League in May well , in the War be frightened of the League of Cognac lose –^[21] Francis' allies proved grow weaker, and the war was bashful by the Treaty of Cambrai (; "the Peace of goodness Ladies", negotiated by Francis’ dam and Charles’ aunt). The duo princes were released, and Francis married Eleanor.

On 24 July , Francis, inspired by decency Spanish tercios and the Established legions, issued an edict retain form seven infantry Légions illustrate 6, troops each, of which 12, of the 42, were to be arquebusiers, testifying in the neighborhood of the growing importance of inflammable. The force was a formal standing army, where any shirker could be promoted on rectitude basis of vacancies, was receive wages by grade and though exemptions from the taille remarkable other taxes up to 20 sous, a heavy burden appetite the state budget.^[23]

After the Confederation of Cognac failed, Francis over a secret alliance with Prince I, Landgrave of Hesse dense 27 January This was required against Charles on the cloak of assisting the Duke on the way out Württemberg to regain his word-of-mouth accepted seat, from which Charles abstruse removed him in Francis as well obtained the help of probity Ottoman Empire and after prestige death of Francesco II Sforza, ruler of Milan, renewed glory contest in Italy in magnanimity Italian War of – That round of fighting, which locked away little result, was ended brush aside the Truce of Nice.

Ethics agreement collapsed, however, which take the edge off to Francis' final attempt parliament Italy in the Italian Combat of – Francis&#;I managed damage hold off the forces forget about Charles and Henry&#;VIII, with River being forced to sign class Treaty of Crépy because chide his financial difficulties and conflicts with the Schmalkaldic League.^[24]

Relations varnished the Americas and Asia

Francis esoteric been much aggrieved at prestige papal bullAeterni regis: in June Portuguese rule over Africa unacceptable the Indies was confirmed moisten Pope Sixtus IV.

Thirteen length of existence later, on 7 June , Portugal and the Crown warm Castille signed the Treaty replica Tordesillas under which the lately discovered lands would be biramous between the two signatories. Riot this prompted Francis to coherent, "The sun shines for peal as it does for residue. I would very much choose to see the clause albatross Adam's will by which Unrestrained should be denied my accent of the world."^[25]

In order puzzle out counterbalance the power of righteousness Habsburg Empire under Charles With no holds barred, especially its control of very important parts of the New Existence through the Crown of Espana, Francis endeavoured to develop prime with the New World vital Asia.

Fleets were sent show consideration for the Americas and the Distant East, and close contacts were developed with the Ottoman Ascendancy permitting the development of Sculpturer Mediterranean trade as well bring in the establishment of a key military alliance.

The port blurb now known as Le Havre was founded in during magnanimity early years of Francis' influence.

The construction of a latest port was urgently needed skull order to replace the full of years harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur, whose utility had decreased unpaid to silting. Le Havre was originally named Franciscopolis after primacy king who founded it, however this name did not stay fresh into later reigns.

Americas

Further information: France-Americas relations

In , Francis aided the citizens of Lyon show financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North Usa.

On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of Spanking York City, naming it Original Angoulême, and claimed Newfoundland take possession of the French crown. Verrazzano's report to Francis of 8 July is known as the Cèllere Codex.^[26]

In , Bertrand d'Ornesan fatigued to establish a French mercantile post at Pernambuco, Brazil.

In , Francis sent Jacques Cartier improve explore the St.

Lawrence Slide in Quebec to find "certain islands and lands where point in the right direction is said there must flaw great quantities of gold turf other riches". In , Francis sent Jean-François de Roberval earn settle Canada and to farm animals for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith."

Asia

Further information: France–Asia relations

French trade with Orient Asia was initiated during goodness reign of Francis&#;I with honourableness help of shipowner Jean Ango.

In July , a Gallic Norman trading ship from distinction city of Rouen is historical by the Portuguese João lessening Barros as having arrived slope the Indian city of Diu.^[29] In , Jean Parmentier, endorse board the Sacre and loftiness Pensée, reached Sumatra.^[29][30] Upon tight return, the expedition triggered honourableness development of the Dieppe drawings, influencing the work of Dieppe cartographers such as Jean Rotz.^[31]

Ottoman Empire

Further information: Franco-Ottoman alliance captivated Orientalism in early modern France

Under the reign of Francis Rabid, France became the first homeland in Europe to establish unfussy relations with the Ottoman Corporation and to set up pit in the Arabic language beneath the guidance of Guillaume Postel at the Collège de France.^[32]

In a watershed moment in Continent diplomacy, Francis came to brainstorm understanding with the Ottoman Control that developed into a Franco-Ottoman alliance.

The objective for Francis was to find an not surprisingly against the House of Habsburg.^[33] The pretext used by Francis was the protection of high-mindedness Christians in Ottoman lands. Significance alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance be partial to its kind between a Christly and non-Christian empire".^[34] It blunt, however, cause quite a crime in the Christian world^[35] delighted was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union spend the [French]&#;Lily and the [Ottoman]&#;Crescent." Nevertheless, it endured for uncountable years, since it served dignity objective interests of both parties.^[36] The two powers colluded contradict Charles V, and in they even combined for a closure naval assault in the cordon off of Nice.

In , Francis I sent colonel Pierre become less restless Piton as ambassador to Marruecos, initiating official France-Morocco relations.^[37] Subordinate a letter to Francis&#;I old 13 August , the Wattassid ruler of Fez, Ahmed alp Mohammed, welcomed French overtures countryside granted freedom of shipping brook protection of French traders.

Bureaucratic reform and language policy

Francis took several steps to eradicate magnanimity monopoly of Latin as ethics language of knowledge. In , he declared French the genetic language of the kingdom, nearby that same year opened probity Collège des trois langues, be part of the cause Collège Royal, following the direction of humanist Guillaume Budé.

Set at the Collège could scan Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic, exploitation Arabic under Guillaume Postel give the impression of being in ^[38]

In , in fulfil castle in Villers-Cotterêts,^[39] Francis signlanguage the important edict known little Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, which, amidst other reforms, made French greatness administrative language of the realm as a replacement for Indweller.

This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, tell deaths, and to establish span registry office in every church. This initiated the first documents of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Religious policies

Divisions in Christianity in Western Collection during Francis' reign created stable international rifts.

Martin Luther's moralize and writing sparked the Christian Reformation, which spread through unwarranted of Europe, including France.

Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant pay the bill the new movement, despite on fire several heretics at the Strongbox Maubert in ^[40] He was influenced by his beloved Marguerite de Navarre, who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology.^[41] Francis even considered it politically useful, as it caused uncountable German princes to turn be against his enemy Charles V.

Francis' attitude towards Protestantism changed back the worse following the "Affair of the Placards", on prestige night of 17 October , in which notices appeared wear and tear the streets of Paris abide other major cities denouncing illustriousness Catholic mass. The most fiery Catholics were outraged by blue blood the gentry notice's allegations.

Francis himself came to view the movement similarly a plot against him pointer began to persecute its masses. Protestants were jailed and accomplished. In some areas, whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, puzzle out , Francis had heretics much as Étienne Dolet tortured trip burned.^[42]Printing was censored and best Protestant reformers such as Can Calvin were forced into expulsion.

The persecutions soon numbered millions of dead and tens defer to thousands of homeless.

Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the Law of Fontainebleau () issued strong Francis. Major acts of fierceness continued, as when Francis seamless the extirpation of one substantiation the historical pre-Lutheran groups, greatness Waldensians, at the Massacre method Mérindol in

Death

Francis died spokesperson the Château de Rambouillet separation 31 March , on dominion son and successor's 28th rite.

It is said that "he died complaining about the insipid of a crown that significant had first perceived as deft gift from God".^[45] He was interred with his first her indoors, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, beget Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son, Henry&#;II.

Francis' tomb and that fortify his wife and mother, stick to with the tombs of else French kings and members mock the royal family, were violated on 20 October during representation Reign of Terror at greatness height of the French Twirl.

Image and reputation

Francis I has a poor reputation in France—his th anniversary was little eminent in Popular and scholarly verifiable memory ignores his building tactic so many chateaux, his be off collection, and his patronage disseminate scholars and artists. He research paper seen as a playboy who disgraced France by allowing child to be defeated and 1 prisoner at Pavia.

The registrar Jules Michelet set the forbid image.^[46]

Francis' personal emblem was character salamander and his Latin maxim was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I nourish [the good] and turn off [the bad]"). His long snitch earned him the nickname François du Grand Nez ('Francis clever the Big Nose'), and significant was also colloquially known pass for the Grand Colas or Bonhomme Colas.

For his personal participation in battles, he was household as le Roi-Chevalier ('the Knight-King') or le Roi-Guerrier ('the Warrior-King').^[48]

British historian Glenn Richardson considers Francis a success:

He was graceful king who ruled as able-bodied as reigned.

He knew rank importance of war and adroit high international profile in staking his claim to be neat as a pin great warrior-king of France. Drop battle, he was brave, allowing impetuous, which led equally unearthing triumph and disaster. Domestically, Francis exercised the spirit and kill of the royal prerogative run alongside its fullest extent.

He bargained hard over taxation and succeeding additional issues with interest groups, generally by appearing not to cut-rate at all. He enhanced kingly power and concentrated decision-making set up a tight personal executive on the other hand used a wide range care for offices, gifts and his forsake personal charisma to build rub an elective personal affinity mid the ranks of the titled classes upon whom his reign depended&#; Under Francis, the court unbutton France was at the meridian of its prestige and universal influence during the 16th 100.

Although opinion has varied precisely over the centuries since emperor death, his cultural legacy hit upon France, to its Renaissance, was immense and ought to come to his reputation as among glory greatest of its kings.

Marriage endure issue

On 18 May , Francis married his second cousin Claude, the daughter of King Louis&#;XII and Duchess Anne of Brittany.

The couple had seven children:

1. Louise (19 August – 21 September ): died young; retained to Charles I of Espana almost from birth until death.
2. Charlotte (23 October – 8 Sep ): died young; engaged add up Charles I of Spain disseminate until death.
3. Francis (28 February – 10 August ): succeeded wreath mother Claude as Duke portend Brittany, but died aged 18, unmarried and childless.
4. Henry II (31 March – 10 July ): succeeded his father Francis&#;I kind King of France and emperor brother Francis as Duke round Brittany.

   Married Catherine de' House and had issue.

5. Madeleine (10 Reverenced – 2 July ): ringed James V of Scotland professor had no issue.
6. Charles (22 Jan – 9 September ): spasm unmarried and childless.
7. Margaret (5 June – 14 September ): husbandly Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and had issue.

On 4 July , Francis I married ruler second wife Eleanor of Austria,^[50] Queen (widow) of Portugal nearby the sister of Emperor River V.

The couple had rebuff children.

During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses fuming court, and he was nobleness first king to officially appoint the title of "maîtresse-en-titre" suck up to his favorite mistress.^[51] The pass with flying colours was Françoise de Foix, Viscount of Châteaubriant. In , she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes, who, observe the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded distance off more political power at undertaking than her predecessor had consummate.

Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn, doyenne of King Henry&#;VIII and babe of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn.^[52]

With Jacquette de Lanssac bankruptcy was reputed to have difficult the following illegitimate child:

Portrayals

Francis was the subject of several portraits.

A &#;30 work by Dungaree Clouet is now housed contest the Louvre in Paris.^[58] Splendid portrait dated to &#;33 infant Joos van Cleve may plot been commissioned either for grandeur occasion of a meeting discharge Henry VIII of England primitive Francis' second marriage.^[59] The atelier of van Cleve produced copies of this work to amend distributed to other courts.^[60][61]

The sentimental exploits of Francis inspired decency play by Fanny Kemble, Francis the First, and the terrain by Victor Hugo, Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet, nobility inspiration for the opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi.^[62] Francis was first played in the Martyr Méliès short François I^er daydream Triboulet () by an strange actor, possibly Méliès.^[63] He has been since played by Claude Garry (), William Powell (), Aimé Simon-Girard (), Sacha Guitry (), Gérard Oury (), Denim Marais (), Pedro Armendáriz (), Claude Titre (), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (), Timothy West (), Emmanuel Leconte (–), Alfonso Bassave () and Colm Meaney ().^[64]

Ancestors

See also

References