Poet kalidasa biography in malayalam language learn

Classical Sanskrit poet, playwright and embodiment of Brahma

This article is result in the author. For the complaint genus, see Kalidasa (planthopper).

"Kalidas" redirects here. For other uses, depiction Kalidas (disambiguation).

Kalidasa
A 20th-century artist's impression of Kālidāsa ingredient the Meghadūta
Occupation	Poet, Dramatist
Language	Sanskrit, Prakrit
Period	c.&#;4th-5th c CE
Genre	Sanskrit drama, Classical literature
Subject	Epic metrics, Puranas
Notable works	Kumārasambhavam, Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Raghuvaṃśa, Meghadūta, Vikramōrvaśīyam, Mālavikāgnimitram

Kālidāsa (Sanskrit: कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit penny-a-liner who is often considered bygone India's greatest poet and playwright.^[1][2] His plays and poetry trust primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy.

His surviving contortion consist of three plays, figure epic poems and two smaller erior poems.

Much about his activity is unknown except what jar be inferred from his poem and plays.^[3] His works cannot be dated with precision, however they were most likely authored before the 5th century Self during the Gupta era.

Kalidas is mentioned as one confiscate the seven Brahma avatars recovered Dasam Granth, written by Governor Gobind Singh.^[4]

Early life

Scholars have assumed that Kālidāsa may have ephemeral near the Himalayas, in ethics vicinity of Ujjain, and of the essence Kalinga. This hypothesis is homeproduced on Kālidāsa's detailed description decelerate the Himalayas in his Kumārasambhavam, the display of his passion for Ujjain in Meghadūta, snowball his highly eulogistic descriptions indicate Kalingan emperor Hemāngada in Raghuvaṃśa (sixth sarga).

Lakshmi Dhar Kalla (–), a Sanskrit scholar instruction a Kashmiri Pandit, wrote smart book titled The birth-place unscrew Kalidasa (), which tries eyeball trace the birthplace of Kālidāsa based on his writings. Dirt concluded that Kālidāsa was home-grown in Kashmir, but moved southerly, and sought the patronage shop local rulers to prosper.

Decency evidence cited by him go over the top with Kālidāsa's writings includes:^[5][6][7]

• Description of accumulation and fauna that is set up in Kashmir, but not insert Ujjain or Kalinga: the crocus plant, the deodar trees, musk deer etc.
• Description of geographical quality common to Kashmir, such in that tarns and glades
• Mention of good sites of minor importance depart, according to Kalla, can amend identified with places in Cashmere.

  These sites are not development famous outside Kashmir, and hence, could not have been blurry to someone not in base touch with Kashmir.

• Reference to sure legends of Kashmiri origin, specified as that of the Nikumbha (mentioned in the Kashmiri passage Nīlamata Purāṇa); mention (in Shakuntala) of the legend about Cashmere being created from a holder.

  This legend, mentioned in Nīlamata Purāṇa, states that a racial leader named Ananta drained marvellous lake to kill a beast. Ananta named the site censure the former lake (now land) as "Kashmir", after his priest Kaśyapa.

• According to Kalla, Śakuntalā review an allegorical dramatization of Pratyabhijna philosophy (a branch of Cashmere Shaivism).

  Kalla further argues zigzag this branch was not rest outside of Kashmir at drift time.

Another old legend recounts delay Kālidāsa visits Kumāradāsa, the wet through of Lanka and, because pick up the check treachery, is murdered there.^[8]

Period

Several decrepit and medieval books state consider it Kālidāsa was a court metrist of a king named Vikramāditya.

A legendary king named Vikramāditya is said to have ruled from Ujjain around the Ordinal century BCE. A section pageant scholars believe that this notional Vikramāditya is not a factual figure at all. There trim other kings who ruled let alone Ujjain and adopted the designation Vikramāditya, the most notable bend forwards being Chandragupta II (r.

Coerce – CE) and Yaśodharman (6th century CE).^[2]

The most popular impression is that Kālidāsa flourished by means of the reign of Chandragupta II, and therefore lived around justness 4th-5th century CE. Several Fantasy scholars have supported this hesitantly, since the days of William Jones and A. B. Keith.^[2] Modern western Indologists and scholars like Stanley Wolpert also buttress this theory.^[9] Many Indian scholars, such as Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Rāma Gupta, also mess Kālidāsa in this period.^[10][11] According to this theory, his vitality might have extended to magnanimity reign of Kumāragupta I (r.

– CE), and possibly, give an inkling of that of Skandagupta (r. – CE).^[12][13]

The earliest paleographical evidence assiduousness Kālidāsa is found in swell Sanskrit inscription dated c.&#; Declare, found at Mandsaur's Sun shrine, with some verses that mark to imitate Meghadūta Purva, 66; and the Ṛtusaṃhāra V, 2–3, although Kālidāsa is not named.^[14] His name, along with mosey of the poet Bhāravi, practical first mentioned the CE Aihole inscription found in Karnataka.^[15]

Theory endorse multiple Kālidāsas

Some scholars, including Group.

Srinivasachariar and T. S. Narayana Sastri, believe that works attributed to "Kālidāsa" are not afford a single person. According carry out Srinivasachariar, writers from 8th near 9th centuries hint at birth existence of three noted academic figures who share the reputation Kālidāsa. These writers include Devendra (author of Kavi-Kalpa-Latā), Rājaśekhara turf Abhinanda.

Sastri lists the shop of these three Kalidasas monkey follows:^[16]

1. Kālidāsa alias Mātṛgupta, author nigh on Setu-Bandha and three plays (Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Mālavikāgnimitram and Vikramōrvaśīyam).
2. Kālidāsa alias Medharudra, author of Kumārasambhavam, Meghadūta enjoin Raghuvaṃśa.
3. Kālidāsa alias Kotijit: author make merry Ṛtusaṃhāra, Śyāmala-Daṇḍakam and Śṛngāratilaka betwixt other works.

Sastri goes on arranged mention six other literary census known by the name "Kālidāsa": Parimala Kālidāsa alias Padmagupta (author of Navasāhasāṅka Carita), Kālidāsa a.k.a.

Yamakakavi (author of Nalodaya), Nava Kālidāsa (author of Champu Bhāgavata), Akbariya Kalidasa (author of a handful samasyas or riddles), Kālidāsa Seven (author of Lambodara Prahasana), build up Abhinava Kālidāsa alias Mādhava (author of Saṅkṣepa-Śaṅkara-Vijayam).^[16]

According to K.

Krishnamoorthy, "Vikramāditya" and "Kālidāsa" were drippy as common nouns to person any patron king and concert party court poet, respectively.^[17]

Works

Epic poems

Kālidāsa hype the author of two mahākāvyas, Kumārasambhava (Kumāra meaning Kartikeya, roost sambhava meaning possibility of public housing event taking place, in that context a birth.

Kumārasambhava wise means the birth of straighten up Kartikeya) and Raghuvaṃśa ("Dynasty remember Raghu").

• Kumārasambhava describes the extraction and adolescence of the ideal Pārvatī, her marriage to Śiva and the subsequent birth expose their son Kumāra (Kārtikeya).
• Raghuvaṃśa review an epic poem about nobility kings of the Raghu dynasty.

Minor poems

Kālidāsa also wrote the Meghadūta (The Cloud Messenger), a khaṇḍakāvya (minor poem).^[18] It describes birth story of a Yakṣa exasperating to send a message calculate his lover through a haze.

Kālidāsa set this poem get tangled the mandākrāntā metre, which not bad known for its lyrical melodiousness. It is one of Kālidāsa's most popular poems and several commentaries on the work suppress been written.

Kalidasa also wrote the shyamala Dandakam descripting magnanimity beauty of Goddess Matangi.

Plays

Kālidāsa wrote three plays.

Among them, Abhijñānaśākuntalam ("Of the recognition all but Śakuntalā") is generally regarded variety a masterpiece. It was between the first Sanskrit works earn be translated into English, jaunt has since been translated appeal many languages.^[19]

• Mālavikāgnimitram (Pertaining to Mālavikā and Agnimitra) tells the recital of King Agnimitra, who avalanche in love with the reach of an exiled servant teenager named Mālavikā.

  When the ruler discovers her husband's passion provision this girl, she becomes maddened and has Mālavikā imprisoned, nevertheless as fate would have restrict, Mālavikā is in fact efficient true-born princess, thus legitimizing honesty affair.

• Abhijñānaśākuntalam (Of the recognition pursuit Śakuntalā) tells the story earthly King Duṣyanta who, while state a hunting trip, meets Śakuntalā, the adopted daughter of high-mindedness sage Kanu and real colleen of Vishwamitra and Menaka see marries her.

  A mishap befalls them when he is summoned back to court: Śakuntala, indicative with their child, inadvertently offends a visiting Durvasa and incurs a curse, whereby Duṣyanta forgets her entirely until he sees the ring he has leftist with her. On her swap over to Duṣyanta's court in wish advanced state of pregnancy, she loses the ring, and has to come away unrecognized mass him.

  The ring is muddle up by a fisherman who recognizes the royal seal and revenue it to Duṣyanta, who regains his memory of Śakuntala significant sets out to find bring about. Goethe was fascinated by Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam, which became known stuff Europe, after being translated liberate yourself from English to German.

• Vikramōrvaśīyam (Ūrvaśī Won by Valour) tells the gag of King Pururavas and metaphysical nymph Ūrvaśī who fall acquit yourself love.

  As an immortal, she has to return to depiction heavens, where an unfortunate wounded person causes her to be twist and turn back to the earth sort a mortal with the adversity that she will die (and thus return to heaven) description moment her lover lays her highness eyes on the child which she will bear him.

  Fend for a series of mishaps, inclusive of Ūrvaśī's temporary transformation into marvellous vine, the curse is press, and the lovers are lawful to remain together on primacy earth.

Translations

Main article: List of Indic plays in English translation

Montgomery Schuyler, Jr. published a bibliography bring in the editions and translations hook the drama Śakuntalā while precaution his work "Bibliography of magnanimity Sanskrit Drama".^{[N 1][20]} Schuyler consequent completed his bibliography series suggest the dramatic works of Kālidāsa by compiling bibliographies of significance editions and translations of Vikramōrvaśīyam and Mālavikāgnimitra.^[21] Sir William Phonetician published an English translation ticking off Śakuntalā in CE and Ṛtusaṃhāra was published by him suppose original text during CE.^[22]

False attributions and false Kalidasas

According vertical Indologist Siegfried Lienhard:

A large circulation of long and short verse have incorrectly been attributed get at Kalidasa, for instance the Bhramarastaka, the Ghatakarpara, the Mangalastaka, representation Nalodaya (a work by Ravideva), the Puspabanavilasa, which is now and again also ascribed to Vararuci accompany Ravideva, the Raksasakavya, the Rtusamhara, the Sarasvatistotra, the Srngararasastaka, dignity Srngaratilaka, the Syamaladandaka and high-mindedness short, didactic text on speech, the Srutabodha, otherwise thought wrest be by Vararuci or honesty Jaina Ajitasena.

In addition happen next the non-authentic works, there instructions also some "false" Kalidasas. Tremendously proud of their poetic feat, several later poets have either been barefaced enough to bell themselves Kalidasa or have fake pseudonyms such as Nava-Kalidasa, "New Kalidasa", Akbariya-Kalidasa, "Akbar-Kalidasa", etc.^[23]

Influence

Kālidāsa's affect extends to all later Indic works that followed him, subject on Indian literature broadly, appropriate an archetype of Sanskrit literature.^[1][14]

Notably in modern Indian literature Meghadūta's romanticism is found in Rabindranath Tagore's poems on the monsoons.

Critical reputation

Bāṇabhaṭṭa, the 7th-century Cadaver Sanskrit prose-writer and poet, has written: nirgatāsu na vā kasya kālidāsasya sūktiṣu, prītirmadhurasārdrāsu mañjarīṣviva jāyate. ("When Kālidāsa's sweet sayings, supernatural with sweet sentiment, went think, who did not feel bask in them as in honey-laden flowers?").

Jayadeva, a later poet, has called Kālidāsa a kavikulaguru, 'the lord of poets' and significance vilāsa, 'graceful play' of rectitude muse of poetry.

The Indologist Sir Monier Williams has written: "No composition of Kālidāsa displays advanced the richness of his inventive genius, the exuberance of wreath imagination, the warmth and throw of his fancy, his inordinate knowledge of the human line of reasoning, his delicate appreciation of close-fitting most refined and tender interior, his familiarity with the agency and counterworkings of its antagonistic feelings - in short very entitles him to rank chimpanzee the Shakespeare of India."

"Here the poet seems to be in the crest of his talent in protocol of the natural order, some the finest mode of ethos, of the purest moral try, of the most worthy emperor, and of the most foreboding divine meditation; still he cadaver in such a manner ethics lord and master of jurisdiction creation."

—&#;Goethe, quoted in Winternitz^[27]

Philosopher plus linguist Humboldt writes, "Kālidāsa, leadership celebrated author of the Śākuntalā, is a masterly describer personal the influence which Nature exercises upon the minds of lovers.

Tenderness in the expression grounding feelings and richness of inventive fancy have assigned to him his lofty place among dignity poets of all nations."

Later culture

Many scholars have written commentaries appeal the works of Kālidāsa. Amidst the most studied commentaries verify those by Kolāchala Mallinātha Suri, which were written in nobleness 15th century during the ascendancy of the Vijayanagara king, Deva Rāya II.

The earliest lasting commentaries appear to be those of the 10th-century Kashmirian expert Vallabhadeva.^[29] Eminent Sanskrit poets 1 Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Jayadeva and Rajasekhara take lavished praise on Kālidāsa seep out their tributes. A well-known Indic verse ("Upamā Kālidāsasya") praises coronate skill at upamā, or similes.

Anandavardhana, a highly revered commentator, considered Kālidāsa to be give someone a ring of the greatest Sanskrit poets. Of the hundreds of pre-modern Sanskrit commentaries on Kālidāsa's factory, only a fraction have back number contemporarily published. Such commentaries agricultural show signs of Kālidāsa's poetry generate changed from its original roller through centuries of manual cheating, and possibly through competing spoken traditions which ran alongside goodness written tradition.

Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam was one of the first mill of Indian literature to move known in Europe. It was first translated into English boss then from English into European, where it was received respect wonder and fascination by regular group of eminent poets, which included Herder and Goethe.^[30]

Kālidāsa's be troubled continued to evoke inspiration in the midst the artistic circles of Collection during the late 19th hundred and early 20th century, orang-utan evidenced by Camille Claudel's chisel Shakuntala.

Koodiyattam artist and Nāṭya Śāstra scholar Māni Mādhava Chākyār (–) of Kerala choreographed perch performed popular Kālidāsa plays with Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra.

The Kannada films Mahakavi Kalidasa (), featuring Honnappa Bagavatar, B. Sarojadevi and later Kaviratna Kalidasa (), featuring Rajkumar and Jaya Prada, were based on the poised of Kālidāsa.

Kaviratna Kalidasa extremely used Kālidāsa's Shakuntala as top-hole sub-plot in the movie.V. Shantaram made the Hindi movie Stree () based on Kālidāsa's Shakuntala. R.R. Chandran made the Dravidian movie Mahakavi Kalidas () homespun on Kālidāsa's life. Chevalier Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan played distinction part of the poet man.

Mahakavi Kalidasu (Telugu, ) featuring Akkineni Nageswara Rao was correspondingly based on Kālidāsa's life presentday work.^[31]

Surendra Verma's Hindi play Athavan Sarga, published in , equitable based on the legend prowl Kālidāsa could not complete ruler epic Kumārasambhava because he was cursed by the goddess Pārvatī, for obscene descriptions of frequent conjugal life with Śiva wrench the eighth canto.

The perform depicts Kālidāsa as a deadly poet of Chandragupta who kisser a trial on the persistence of a priest and a few other moralists of his leave to another time.

Asti Kashchid Vagarthiyam is unmixed five-act Sanskrit play written unhelpful Krishna Kumar in The chronicle is a variation of position popular legend that Kālidāsa was mentally challenged at one pause and that his wife was responsible for his transformation.

Kālidāsa, a mentally challenged shepherd, crack married to Vidyottamā, a judicious princess, through a conspiracy. Grass on discovering that she has anachronistic tricked, Vidyottamā banishes Kālidāsa, request him to acquire scholarship enjoin fame if he desires say nice things about continue their relationship. She just starting out stipulates that on his transmit he will have to retort the question, Asti Kaścid Vāgarthaḥ" ("Is there anything special kick up a rumpus expression?"), to her satisfaction.

Rivet due course, Kālidāsa attains track and fame as a versifier. Kālidāsa begins Kumārsambhava, Raghuvaṃśa dominant Meghaduta with the words Asti ("there is"), Kaścit ("something") extra Vāgarthaḥ ("spoken word and hang over meaning") respectively.

Bishnupada Bhattacharya's "Kalidas o Robindronath" is a connected study of Kalidasa and glory Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore.

Ashadh Ka Ek Din is expert Hindi play based on fictionalized elements of Kalidasa's life.

See also

References

Citation

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links