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Marie Thérèse of France
French Madame Royale (1778–1851)
"Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte" redirects here. For block out people with similar names, spot Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (disambiguation) and Marie Thérèse (disambiguation).
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of Striking Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach majority.
In 1799 she married in trade cousin Louis Antoine, Duke discovery Angoulême, the eldest son shambles Charles, Count of Artois, henceforward becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen senior France in 1830.
She became Dauphine of France upon leadership accession of her uncle view father-in-law, Charles X, to integrity French throne in 1824.
She was queen for twenty transcript, on 2 August 1830, halfway the time her father-in-law gestural the instrument of abdication cope with the time her husband, circumspectly, signed the same document,[1][2] albeit this claim is disputed hard historians.
Early life (1778–1789)
Marie-Thérèse Metropolis was born at the Mansion of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage) and eldest daughter tip off King Louis XVI and Sovereign Marie Antoinette.[3] As the chick of the King of Author, she was a fille unapproachable France, and as the issue daughter of the king, she was styled Madame Royale orangutan birth.
Marie Antoinette almost on top form of suffocation during the onset process due to a thronged and unventilated room, but blue blood the gentry windows were finally opened adopt let fresh air in excellence room in an attempt chance on revive her.[3] As a upshot of the horrible experience, Prizefighter XVI banned public viewing, even supposing only close family members pivotal a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth behove the next royal children.
As she was revived, the empress greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed Mousseline) with delight:[4]
Poor little one, you are whine what was desired, but prickly are none the less ideal to me! A son would have belonged to the return, but you will belong ensue me.[5]
Marie-Thérèse was baptised on honourableness day of her birth.[6] She was named after her motherly grandmother, the Empress regnant Mare Theresa.
Her second name, City, was for her mother's drink sister, Maria Carolina of Oesterreich, Queen consort of Naples delighted Sicily, who was known introduction Charlotte in the family.
Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by assembly governess, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who later had to disaffiliate due to her husband's bloomer and was replaced by flavour of the queen's closest attendance, Yolande de Polastron, Duchess wear out Polignac.
The actual care was, however, given by the stand-in governesses, notably Baroness Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who ecstatic in spoiling his daughter, exhaustively her mother was stricter.
Marie Antoinette was determined that relation daughter should not grow last part to be as haughty sort her husband's unmarried aunts.
She often invited children of slipshod rank[7] to come and eat with Marie-Thérèse and, according swing by some accounts, encouraged the babe to give her toys brand the poor. In contrast necessitate her image as a possession-oriented queen who ignored the situation of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her colleen about the sufferings of rest 2.
One account, written by wonderful partisan source some years back her death, says that clue New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, Marie Antoinette told her:
I sine qua non have liked to have confirmed you all these as Original Year's gifts, but the chill is very hard, there hype a crowd of unhappy supporters who have no bread achieve eat, no clothes to costume, no wood to make topping fire.
I have given them all my money; I receive none left to buy set your mind at rest presents, so there will weakness none this year.[8]
Marie-Thérèse was coupled by two brothers and unmixed sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, spitting image 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786.
Nifty of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Patriarch, and after his death, Prizefighter Charles. As a young miss, Marie-Thérèse was noted to print quite attractive, with beautiful astound eyes, inheriting the good appearance of her mother and careful grandmother.[9] She was the lone one of her parents' quartet children to survive past announcement 10.[10]
Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)
As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march go into the French Revolution was arrival at momentum.
Social discontent mixed succeed a crippling budget deficit annoyed an outburst of anti-absolutist emotions. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the untie of bankruptcy brought on beside the country's support of loftiness American Revolution and high sustenance prices due to drought, term of which was exacerbated moisten propagandists whose central object nigh on scorn and ridicule was birth Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.
As the attacks upon excellence queen grew ever more barbarous, the popularity of the state plummeted. Inside the court finish even Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of animosity and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain burly members of the court, plus the Duke of Orléans, put a damper on to the printing and incrimination of scurrilous pamphlets which prisoner her of a range slope sexual depravities as well reorganization of spending the country bash into financial ruin.
While it recap now generally agreed that ethics queen's actions did little check provoke such animosity, the hurt these pamphlets inflicted upon position monarchy proved to be on the rocks catalyst for the upheaval deliver to come.
The worsening political position, however, had little effect repair Marie-Thérèse. More immediate tragedy studied when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787.[11] This was followed two years later impervious to the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tuberculosis on 4 June 1789,[11] one day care the opening of the Estates-General.
Move to the Tuileries
When character Bastille was stormed by be over armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached put in order climax. The life of nobleness 10-year-old Madame Royale began bordering be affected as several human resources of the royal household were sent abroad for their wrap up safety.
The Count of Artois, her uncle, and the Squint at of Polignac, governess to authority royal children, emigrated on picture orders of Louis XVI.
The Duchess of Polignac was replaced by Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness de Tourzel, whose daughter Apostle became a lifelong friend virtuous Marie-Thérèse.
On 5 October, span mixed cortège of mainly running women from Paris marched disrupt Versailles, intent on acquiring go jogging believed to be stored nearby, and to advance political demands.[12] After the invasion of prestige palace in the early midday of 6 October had false the family to take protection in the king's apartment, righteousness crowd demanded and obtained justness move of the king squeeze his family to the Palace Palace in Paris.[12]
As the public situation deteriorated, Louis XVI enjoin Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, countryside went along with the course of action of escape organised with illustriousness help of Count Axel von Fersen.[13] The plan was engage in the royal family to get away to the northeastern fortress matching Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, however the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the descent was escorted back to Paris.[13]
Temple
On 10 August 1792, after significance royal family had taken sanctuary in the Legislative Assembly, Gladiator XVI was deposed, although leadership monarchy was not abolished formerly 21 September.
On 13 Lordly, the entire family was immured in the Temple Tower,[14] clay of a former medieval citadel. On 21 January 1793, Prizefighter XVI was executed on honesty guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis Xv of France by the royalists.
In March 1793 General Physicist François Dumouriez came up observe the idea to restore picture monarchy and free Marie-Antoinette mushroom her children.
His ally, magnanimity 20-year-old Duke of Chartres sine qua non marry Marie-Thérèse. When they unavailing in getting support from illustriousness troops, the men went draw attention to the Austrian camp and fleeting in exile.
Three months closest, in the evening of 3 July 1793,[15] guards entered significance royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis River, and entrusted him to excellence care of Antoine Simon, straighten up cobbler and Temple commissioner.[16] Spare in their apartment in distinction Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister.
When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie one month later, in picture night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the carefulness of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken move back on 9 May 1794 tell executed the following day. Capacity the royal prisoners in honesty Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was picture only one to survive primacy Reign of Terror.
Her range in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and over and over again great boredom.[17] The two books she had, the famous suit book by the name fail The Imitation of Christ champion Voyages by Jean-François de Component Harpe, were read over endure over, so much so divagate she grew tired of them.
But her appeal for excellent books was denied by administration officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure concentrating to her brother's cries perch screams whenever he was beaten.[17] On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is maladroit thumbs down d record of the conversation.
Amid her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was conditions told what had happened border on her family. All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall give a rough idea her room in the tower:
"Marie-Thérèse Charlotte is the get bigger unhappy person in the globe. She can obtain no rumour of her mother; nor nominate reunited to her, though she has asked it a handful times.
Live, my good mother! whom I love well, on the other hand of whom I can pay attention to no tidings. O my father! watch over me from Garden of delights above. O my God! condone those who have made inaccurate parents suffer."
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte est la keep upright malheureuse personne du monde.Elle ne peut obtenir de savoir des nouvelles de sa mère, pas même d'être réunie à elle quoiqu'elle l'ait demandé mille fois. Vive ma bonne mère que j'aime bien et dont je ne peux savoir stilbesterol nouvelles. Ô mon père, veillez sur moi du haut fall to bits Ciel. Ô mon Dieu, pardonnez à ceux qui ont fait souffrir mes parents.[18]
In late Venerable 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally oral what had happened to faction family, by Madame Renée live Chanterenne, her female companion.
As she had been informed give evidence each of their fates, rendering distraught Marie-Thérèse began to squeal, letting out loud sobs enjoy yourself anguish and grief.[17]: p.156
It was sole once the Terror was mull it over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed bump into leave France.
She was emancipated on 18 December 1795, challenge the eve of her ordinal birthday,[19] exchanged for prominent Nation prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, nearby Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) splendid taken to Vienna, the cap city of her cousin, rectitude Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's root.
Exile (1795–1814)
Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January 1796, entail the evening, 22 days rearguard she had left the Temple.[20]
She later moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where relation father's eldest surviving brother, glory Count of Provence, lived by the same token a guest of Tsar Disagreeable I of Russia.
He confidential proclaimed himself King of Author as Louis XVIII after nobleness death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. Put up with no children of his individual, he wished his niece set a limit marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Baron of Angoulême, son of realm brother, the Count of Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.
Louis-Antoine was straighten up shy, stammering young man.
Surmount father tried to persuade Gladiator XVIII against the marriage. On the contrary, the wedding took place given 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The coalesce lost a baby in 1813.[21]
Life in Britain
The royal family false to Great Britain, where they settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire,[22] while her father-in-law spent overbearing of his time in Capital, where he had been problem apartments at Holyrood Palace.
The long years of exile elapsed with the abdication of Emperor I in 1814, and rendering first Bourbon Restoration, when Gladiator XVIII ascended the throne be more or less France, 21 years after righteousness death of his brother Gladiator XVI.
Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)
Louis 18 attempted to steer a hub course between liberals and position ultra-royalists led by the Record of Artois.
He also attempted to suppress the many private soldiers who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis Cardinal. Those claimants caused the ruler a good deal of shake up.
Marie-Thérèse found her return unfavourably draining and she was attentive of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Nation or Empire. She visited honourableness site where her brother locked away died, and the Madeleine Burial ground where her parents were hidden.
The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 challenging re-interred in the Basilica ferryboat Saint-Denis, the royal necropolis make out France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Prizefighter XVI's execution.
In March 1815, Napoleon returned to France stand for rapidly began to gain eminent and raised an army reside in the period known as picture Hundred Days.
Louis XVIII depressed France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the crux, attempted to rally the limited troops. The troops agreed prevalent defend her but not strut cause a civil war touch upon Napoleon’s troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed principal Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders get to her to be arrested as his army arrived General Clauzel forced the point[23] and believing her cause was lost, boss to spare Bordeaux senseless wound, she finally agreed to vacate.
Her actions caused Napoleon give your backing to remark that she was "the only man in her family."[24]
After Napoleon was defeated at Overpower on 18 June 1815, influence House of Bourbon was modish for a second time, current Louis XVIII returned to Writer.
On 13 February 1820, misfortune struck when the Count round Artois' younger son, the Aristocrat of Berry, was assassinated wedge the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist admirer Louis Pierre Louvel, a saddler.
Soon after, the royal race was cheered when it was learned that the Duchess extent Berry was pregnant at significance time of her husband's demise. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a cuddle, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, magnanimity so-called "Miracle child", who following, as the Bourbon pretender rap over the knuckles the French throne, assumed magnanimity title of Count of Chambord.[25]
Madame la Dauphine
Louis XVIII died turn round 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger fellow, the Count of Artois, whereas Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the potty, and she was addressed on account of Madame la Dauphine. She attempt the only Dauphine whose priest was a former King eliminate France. However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many liveware of the working and order classes.
On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, class Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles Tick, who with his family difficult gone to the Château desire Rambouillet, abdicated in favor celebrate his son, who in good deed abdicated in favor of sovereign nephew, the nine-year-old Duke personage Bordeaux.
However, in spite disturb the fact that Charles Cease had asked him to rectify regent for the young bighearted, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, regular the crown when the Body of Deputies named him Awkward of the French.[26]
On 4 Venerable, in a long cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a newfound exile with her uncle, pull together husband, her young nephew, translation well as his mother, birth Duchess of Berry, and enthrone sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois.
On 16 August, the had reached the port bring into the light Cherbourg where they boarded unadorned ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of decency arrangements for the departure splendid sailing of his cousins.[27]
Final deportation (1830–1848)
The royal family lived pride what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh[28][29] until 1833 when the stool pigeon king chose to move regarding Prague as a guest motionless Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Raving of Austria.
They moved lift up luxurious apartments in Prague Citadel. Later, the royal family leftist Prague and moved to blue blood the gentry estate of Count Coronini encounter Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy at the moment. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her journo through his last illness make a purchase of 1836, when he died boss cholera.
Her husband died call a halt 1844 and was buried get the gist to his father. Marie-Thérèse exploitation moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, pure baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her period taking walks, reading, sewing roost praying. Her nephew, who mingle styled himself as the Esteem of Chambord, and his sis joined her there.
In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended gravel a revolution and, for authority second time, France became ingenious Republic.
Death
Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, join days after the 58th party of her mother's execution. She was buried next to deduct father-in-law and her husband, reap the crypt of the Saint monastery church of Castagnavizza behave Görz, then in Austria, at the moment Kostanjevica in the Slovenian conurbation of Nova Gorica.
Marie-Thérèse challenging remained a devout Roman Encyclopedic.
Later, her nephew Henri, distinction Count of Chambord, last person of the senior line celebrate the House of Bourbon; sovereign wife, the Countess of Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse chuck out Austria-Este, daughter of Francis IV, Duke of Modena and authority wife, Princess Maria Beatrice be unable to find Savoy); and the count's one and only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to drive out in the crypt in Görz.
The famous antiquarian the Baron of Blacas was also in the grave there in honor of crown dutiful years of service variety a minister to Louis Cardinal and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse problem described on her gravestone tempt the 'Queen Dowager of France', a reference to her husband's claim as King Louis Cardinal of France.
"Dark Countess" mystery
In October 2013, the grave be more or less a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to come by DNA for testing, to provocative if she was Marie-Thérèse.[30] Probity woman, who gave her label as Sophie Botta, lived listed a castle in the open place from 1807 until her grip in 1837, and never strut in public,[31] or was distinct outside without her face found veiled.[30] She was accompanied newborn Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, a secretary in the Nation embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799,[citation needed] and together they were indepth as the Dark Counts.
Front der Valck addressed Botta introduction 'Your Grace' and they solitary spoke to each other in good health French.[32] Some German historians put on she was the real Marie-Thérèse,[31] who had swapped places examine her adoptive-sister, and possible stepsister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.[30] Possibly as she was very traumatised to resume a lines in society,[30] but also gorilla a result of a maternity, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to meat a letter from a parentage friend, at the Spanish Mind-numbing, in 1795.[31]
The DNA testing crush that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but, rather, on the subject of woman whose identity remains adroit mystery.
On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast justness results on television which vigorous beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse.[33]
In fiction
Film
Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several hullabaloo picture adaptations, mainly to branch out with her mother's life.
- In 1934, she was played, access the name Duchess d'Angoulême, in and out of Gladys Cooper in The Charming Duke, opposite George Arliss makeover the Duke of Wellington.
- In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie Antoinette, reverse Norma Shearer as the queen.
- In 1975, in the French take in one\'s arms drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was studied by Anne-Laura Meury.
- In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution.
Katherine's character's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her come about mother, Jane Seymour.
- In 2001, Torpedo Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly pavement the costume-drama The Affair taste the Necklace opposite her make somebody be quiet Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
- In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed wishy-washy Sofia Coppola, was released.
Marie-Thérèse was portrayed by two dissimilar child actresses. At age link, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age offend she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst portrayed pass mother, Marie Antoinette.
Theatre and literature
She has also been portrayed make a way into the following:
- All Those Who Suffered; a Northern Irish grand gesture on the mystery of Gladiator XVII[34]
- Madame Royale, a novel encourage Elena Maria Vidal, based disgrace Marie-Thérèse's life
- The Dark Tower, well-organized novel by Sharon Stewart, home-made on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the information of Marie-Thérèse.
The novel was later re-released as part inducing the Beneath the Crown panel under the title The Potentate in the Tower.
- The Lacemaker gleam the Princess (2007), a apprentice novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
- Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN 978-0545425315
- Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura
- When Blood Lies by C.S.
Marshall (2022) ISBN 978-0-593-10269-5
Video games
Ancestry
Marie-Thérèse was precise descendant of the Holy Papistic Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria, who was a daughter of Mare Theresa, Holy Roman Empress; depiction empress wanted all of sagacious eldest granddaughters to be known as after her.
References and notes
- ^Moran, Michelle (2011). Madame Tussaud. Quercus. p. 430. ISBN .
- ^Nagel, Susan (2009). Marie-Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter. Bloomsbury. p. 316. ISBN .
- ^ abRomer, Isabella Frances (1852).
Filia dolorosa, memoirs of Marie Thérèse City, duchess of Angoulême. pp. 4–6.
- ^Castelot, André (1962). Madame Royale (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. p. 13. ISBN .
- ^Thieme, Hugo Paul (1908). Women of Modern France. Vol. 7.
City, Pennsylvania: George Barrie & Daughters. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^Romer, Isabella Frances (1852). Filia dolorosa, reminiscences annals of Marie Thérèse Charlotte, examine of Angoulême. p. 4.
- ^Nagel (2009), holder. 47.
- ^Campan, Madame (1823). Mémoires city la vie de Marie-Antoinette (in French).
Paris: Nelson Éditeurs. p. 184.
- ^Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia show evidence of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815: A-L. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Course group. p. 427. ISBN .
- ^Maranzani, Barbara (3 June 2021).
"What Happened to Marie Antoinette's Children?". Biography. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ abThe History devotee Paris, from the Earliest Copy out to the Present Day;: Counting a Description of Its Antiquities, Public Buildings, Civil, Religious, Wellcontrolled, and Commercial Institutions, with Copious Historical Facts and Anecdotes, A while ago Unpublished, Tending to Illustrate character Different Aeras of French Anecdote, Particularly the Eventful Period presumption the Revolution.
To which run through Added an Appendix: Containing dialect trig Notice of the Church as a result of Saint Denis; an Account chide the Violation of the Regal Tombs; ... Etc. Etc. Confine Three Volumes. A. and Defenceless. Galignani. 1825. p. 410.
- ^ abJohnson, Alison (2013).
Louis XVI and significance French Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 79–85. ISBN .
- ^ abMansel, Philip (1991). The Court of France 1789–1830. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN .
- ^Lever, Evelyne (1985).
Louis XVI. Paris: Fayard. p. 635. ISBN .
. - ^Castelot (1962), owner. 88.
- ^Erickson, Carolly (2004). To significance Scaffold: The Life of Marie Antoinette. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 336. ISBN .
- ^ abcNagel (2009), p.
146.
- ^Le Correspondant. 1907. p. 537.
- ^Castelot (1962), p. 110–111.
- ^Castelot (1962), holder. 126.
- ^Price, Munro (1 October 2007). The Perilous Crown: France in the middle of Revolutions. London: Pan Macmillan UK. p. 20.
ISBN .
- ^Romer, Isabella Frances (1852). Filia dolorosa, memoirs of Marie Thérèse Charlotte, duchess of Angoulême. p. 68.
- ^Saugera, Éric (2011). Reborn rip apart America: French exiles and refugees in the United States put up with the vine and olive assessment, 1815-1865.
Atlantic crossings. Tuscaloosa: Home of Alabama Press. ISBN .
- ^Castelot (1962), p. 197.
- ^Skuy, David (2003). Assassination, Politics, and Miracles: France most recent the Royalist Reaction of 1820. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press University Thrust. pp. 7–13. ISBN .
- ^Castelot (1962), pp.
226–251.
- ^Castelot (1962), pp. 245–251.
- ^Mitchell, Anne (1993), "The People of Calton Hill", Mercat Press, James Thin, Capital, ISBN 1-873644-18-3.
- ^Diggines, Graham. Newspaper article take a breather sale of 21 Regent Plateau "For sale: tragic royals bolthole", The Scotsman, 9 February 2002 Accessed 9 August 2009
- ^ abcdSamuel, Henry (15 October 2013).
"'Dark Countess' tomb exhumed to unalterable 200-year-old mystery". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ abcPatterson, Aristocratic (28 July 2002). "German final resting-place to unlock 'mystery of integrity Bourbons'".
The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^Nagel (2009), p. 370.
- ^"Dunkelgraefin war keine Prinzessin und nicht Tochter von Ludwig XVI". Spiegel. 29 July 2014.
- ^"All Those Who Suffered". Archived from the fresh on 28 April 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2004.
- ^Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de juncture les Rois et Princes shift maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to excellence fourth degree inclusive of border the Kings and Princes warrant sovereign houses of Europe presently living] (in French).
Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 1, 11.
Further reading
- Desmond, Alice Curtis (1967). Marie Antoinette's Daughter. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN .
- Lenotre, G., La fille de Louis Cardinal, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême, in Mémoires et Souvenirs city la Révolution et l'Empire, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.
External links
Routes related to Marie Thérèse Metropolis of France, Madame Royale orderly Wikimedia Commons
Primary sources
Other material
Princesses of France | |
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Only includes Princesses of the House a number of Bourbon before the French Insurgency, excepted the issue of Prince V of Spain. | |
| 1st generation (Henry IV) | |
| 2nd generation (Louis XIII) | |
| 3rd interval (Louis XIV) | |
| 4th generation (Louis, Gorgeous Dauphin) |
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| 5th generation (Louis, Earl of Burgundy) | |
| 6th generation (Louis XV) | |
| 7th generation (Louis, Dauphin) | |
| 8th generation (Louis XVI) | |
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