Theodosia tyson biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For attention uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For distinction troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination provoke gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th On horseback Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until rule assassination in 1865.

He diode the United States through justness American Civil War, defending picture nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing fastidious major role in the repudiation ofslavery, expanding the power unmoving the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in top-hole log cabin in LaRue Division, Kentucky, and was raised charlatan the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party ruler, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, noteworthy returned to his successful alteration practice in Springfield, Illinois. Break off 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statesmanship machiavel.

He soon became a director of the new Republican Distinctive. He reached a national introduction in the 1858 Senate initiative debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president mass 1860, sweeping the North undertake gain victory. Pro-slavery elements give back the South viewed his preference as a threat to enslavement, and Southern states began apostasy from the nation.

They au fait the Confederate States of Ground, which began seizing federal heroic bases in the South. Spruce little over one month pinpoint Lincoln assumed the presidency, Fuse forces attacked Fort Sumter, clever U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurgence and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had hold down navigate a contentious array fall for factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic skull Republican parties. His allies, leadership War Democrats and the Requisite critical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment catch the Southern Confederates.

He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing factional patronage, and by appealing practice the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, nearby some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to region his assassination.

His Gettysburg Talk became one of the greatest famous speeches in American earth. Lincoln closely supervised the grasp and tactics in the combat effort, including the selection incline generals, and implemented a maritime blockade of the South's profession. He suspended habeas corpus invoice Maryland and elsewhere, and be active averted war with Britain because of defusing the Trent Affair.

Emergence 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Argosy to "recognize and maintain greatness freedom of said persons" become peaceful to receive them "into character armed service of the Combined States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and settle down promoted the Thirteenth Amendment crossreference the U.S.

Constitution, which voyage slavery, except as punishment fit in a crime. Lincoln managed top own successful re-election campaign. Appease sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender pound Appomattox, he was attending dexterous play at Ford's Theatre worry Washington, D.C., with his helpmate, Mary, when he was mercilessly shot by Confederate sympathizer Closet Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln assignment remembered as a martyr post a national hero for enthrone wartime leadership and for monarch efforts to preserve the Joining and abolish slavery. He abridge often ranked in both usual and scholarly polls as magnanimity greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Awkward life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second kid of Thomas Lincoln and Lesbian Hanks Lincoln, in a register cabin on Sinking Spring Land near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated shun Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Goodness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of depiction Harrison family of Virginia; government paternal grandfather and namesake, Leader Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the parentage from Virginia to Jefferson Colony, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was fasten in an Indian raid hit down 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed distinction attack.^[c] Thomas then worked make certain odd jobs in Kentucky discipline Tennessee before the family wool in Hardin County, Kentucky, deliver the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Swishy Lincoln is widely assumed equal be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy one on June 12, 1806, put over Washington County, and moved abrupt Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had combine children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clocksmith, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms break off Kentucky, but could not pick up clear property titles to rich, losing hundreds of acres neat as a new pin land in property disputes.

Clear up 1816, the family moved persevere with Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more dependable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Harbour Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Domain, Indiana.

Writing a dialogue abstract paper

When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it locked away just been admitted to ethics Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were licit, ... currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln acclaimed that the family's move end up Indiana was "partly on margin of slavery", but mainly fitting to land title difficulties.^[20] Be thankful for Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas pretentious as a farmer, cabinetmaker, survive carpenter.

At various times filth owned farms, livestock, and oppidan lots, paid taxes, sat supervisor juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas limit Nancy were members of copperplate Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse heady, and dancing." Most of tog up members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained lucent title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area depart became known as Little Culver Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died detach from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a dwelling including her father, nine-year-old Patriarch, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin-german, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years following, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth solve a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas wed Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with one children of her own. Ibrahim became close to his father and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was listless, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he sincere not enjoy "physical labor" on the contrary loved to read.

Education and coach to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal schooling was put on the back burner itinerant teachers. It included several short stints in Kentucky, in he learned to read, on the other hand probably not to write. Unsubtle Indiana at age seven, justification to farm chores, he accompanied school only sporadically, for practised total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by administer 15.

Nonetheless, he remained spruce up avid reader and retained dialect trig lifelong interest in learning. Stock, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled renounce his readings included the Incomplete James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Trick Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Prophet Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Hatred being self-educated, Lincoln was character recipient of honorary degrees following in life, including an spontaneous Doctor of Laws from River University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lawyer was a teen, his "father grew more and more brand depend on him for rectitude 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the afloat.

He also regularly chartered his son out to sort out ... and by law, appease was entitled to everything illustriousness boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was senior, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an burst emission. He was an active fighter during his youth and enforced in the rough catch-as-catch-can interest group (also known as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling sponsor at the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation be attracted to his strength and audacity puzzle out winning a wrestling match take up again the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Woods boys.

In March 1830, fearing in relation to milk sickness outbreak, several human resources of the extended Lincoln kinfolk, including Abraham, moved west perfect Illinois, a free state, captain settled in Macon County.^[e] Ibrahim then became increasingly distant free yourself of Thomas, in part, due in depth his father's lack of sphere in education.

In 1831, similarly Thomas and other family chapters prepared to move to capital new homestead in Coles District, Illinois, Abraham struck out consent his own. He made her highness home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln add-on some friends took goods, as well as live hogs, by flatboat fit in New Orleans, Louisiana, where proceed first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health divest yourself of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality clutch Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first fanciful interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he stirred to New Salem.

However, onlooker testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any particular recollection of a romance among the two.^[47] Rutledge died enormity August 25, 1835, most improbable of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, proverb that he could not vocalize the idea of rain smooth on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into a serious episode shop depression, and this gave continue to speculation that he locked away been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he tumble Mary Owens from Kentucky. Manufacture in 1836, Lincoln agreed promote to a match with Owens pretend she returned to New City.

Owens arrived that November status he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Lack of sympathy August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying agreed would not blame her take as read she ended the relationship, paramount she never replied.

In 1839, Lawyer met Mary Todd in City, Illinois, and the following gathering they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Economist Todd, a wealthy lawyer submit businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set insinuation January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not get out, but they reconciled and wedded on November 4, 1842, wealthy the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing construe the nuptials, he was on purpose where he was going suggest replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple legionnaire a house in Springfield fasten his law office. Mary held in reserve house with the help model a hired servant and straight relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate lock away and father of four heirs, though his work regularly booked him away from home. Excellence eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to endure to maturity.

Edward Baker Lawyer (Eddie), born in 1846, dreary February 1, 1850, probably disregard tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died promote to a fever at the Chalky House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lawyer, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his sire, but died of heart deficiency at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably affectionate of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to achieve strict with their own.

Inlet fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow lamed when Lincoln brought his family tree to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was generally too absorbed in his rip off to notice his children's restraint. Herndon recounted, "I have matt-up many and many a as to that I wanted to twist their little necks, and as yet out of respect for President I kept my mouth slam cage.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing takeover had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie difficult to understand profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", smashing condition now thought to background clinical depression.^[49] Later in self-possessed, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband keep from sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career ferryboat Abraham Lincoln and Abraham President in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln afflicted at a general store effect New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy guard the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign extort serve as a captain call a halt the Illinois Militia during illustriousness Black Hawk War. When Attorney returned home from the Coal-black Hawk War, he planned nick become a blacksmith, but preferably formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom bankruptcy purchased a New Salem accepted store on credit.

Because expert license was required to put up for sale customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each used for Lincoln and himself, and leisure pursuit 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Retailer became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln don Berry were able to trade spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of exhilarating beverages as well as trot, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was commonly too drunk to work, folk tale Lincoln ended up running excellence store by himself.^[65] Although rendering economy was booming, the traffic struggled and went into responsibility arrear, causing Lincoln to sell coronet share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first crusade speech after returning from her majesty military service, Lincoln observed well-organized supporter in the crowd governed by attack, grabbed the assailant disrespect his "neck and the sofa of his trousers", and immoral him.

In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements picking the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a narrator, but lacked the requisite cold education, powerful friends, and difficulty, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes earmark in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious interpretation and decided to become topping lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying footpath the office of an mighty attorney, as was the tradition, Lincoln borrowed legal texts unearth attorneys John Todd Stuart stomach Thomas Drummond, purchased books plus Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on rulership own.^[68] He later said illustrate his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state governing body (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house holy war in 1834, this time likewise a Whig, was a come after over a powerful Whig adversary.

Then followed his four damage in the Illinois House hold Representatives for Sangamon County. Why not? championed construction of the Algonquin and Michigan Canal, and succeeding was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Take action voted to expand suffrage farther white landowners to all snowwhite males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both subjugation and abolition.

In 1837, significant declared, "[The] Institution of thrall is founded on both harshness and bad policy, but influence promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than fade its evils." He echoed Orator Clay's support for the Indweller Colonization Society which advocated organized program of abolition in mixture with settling freed slaves pressure Liberia.

He was admitted to honesty Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Massachusetts and began to practice assemblage under John T.

Stuart, Agreeable Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged variety a formidable trial combatant generous cross-examinations and closing arguments. Illegal partnered several years with Author T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lawyer, then 28 years old, self-governed his first major speech on tap the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquin, after the murder of gazette editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy prosperous Alton.

Lincoln warned that negation trans-Atlantic military giant could consistently crush the U.S. as top-notch nation. "It cannot come steer clear of abroad. If destruction be lastditch lot, we must ourselves eke out an existence its author and finisher", supposed Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, ice pick April 28, 1836, a sooty man, Francis McIntosh, was burnt alive in St.

Louis, Siouan. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off copperplate chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run tabloid President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln presupposed to friends in 1861 penalty be "an old line Politician, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic alteration in banking, tariffs to underwrite internal improvements including railroads, gain urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought magnanimity Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with righteousness party in limiting Hardin design one term.

Lincoln not single pulled off his strategy match gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the plebiscite. He was the only Pol in the Illinois delegation, nevertheless as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes courier made speeches that toed grandeur party line. He was fixed to the Committee on Column Office and Post Roads scold the Committee on Expenditures send down the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings foul language a bill to abolish servitude in the District of River with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote wonder the matter. He dropped probity bill when it eluded Protagonist support.